Anatomy - Flashcards
97 Cards in this Set
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What are the 4 types of tissue?
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epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle
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Simple squamous epithelium
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allows diffusion and filtration, found in the kidneys, lungs
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Simple cuboidal epithelium
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secretion and absorption, found in kidneys and ovaries
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Simple columnar epithelium
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absorption and secretion of mucous, found in digestive tract and uterus
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium
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protection, found in sweat/ mammary glands
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Transitional epithelium
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stretches, found in the bladder
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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secretion of mucous, found in the trachea
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Stratified squamous epithelium
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protects, found in mouth and esophagus
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Stratified columnar epithelium
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protection, found in urethra
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What are the 4 classes of connective tissue?
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cartilage, bone, blood, connective tissue proper
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What are the types of connective tissue proper?
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loose- areolar, adipose, reticular
dense- regular, irregular, elastic
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What are the types of cartilage?
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hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
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What are the structural elements of connective tissue?
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cells- produces matrix (ex. fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast)
fibers- function in support (ex. collagen fibers, reticular fibers)ground substance- produced by primary cell type, cushions and protects (plasma is an exception; not produced by blood)
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Reticular tissue
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fibers form soft internal skeleton, found in lymphoid organs
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Dense irregular connective tissue
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provides structural strength, found in digestive tract, dermis of the skin
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Areolar connective tissue
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wraps and cushions, found surrounding capillaries
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Adipose tissue
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reserves energy, found in breasts
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Dense regular connective tissue
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attaches muscle to bone, found in tendons and ligaments
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Elastic connective tissue
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recoil of tissue following stretching, found in the wall of large arteries
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Cartilage
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firm, flexible tissue with no blood vessels or nerves
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Elastic cartilage
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maintains shape/structure while allowing flexibility, found in ear and epiglottis
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Hyaline cartilage
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supports and reinforces, found in costal cartilage of ribs
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Fibrocartilage
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absorbs compressive shock, found in inter-vertebral discs
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What are the functions of bones?
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support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood ceel formation, energy metabolism
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What is bone tissue made up of?
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organic components (cells, fibers, ground matrix; gives flexibility)
inorganic components ( mineral salts; gives hardness)
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What is the medullary cavity?
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hollow cavity filled with yellow marrow (in the diaphysis/ shaft of long bones)
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What is the membrane of the long bone?
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periosteum/ sharpey's fibers
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What do short/ irregular/ flat bones contain?
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diploe (internal spongy bone)
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What are the three broad categories of bone markings?
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projections for muscle attachment, surfaces form joints, depressions/ openings
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Tuberosity
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large rounded projection (may be roughened)
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Crest
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narrow ridge of bone (usually prominent)
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Trochanter
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large, blunt irregularly shaped process
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Line
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narrow ride, less prominent than a crest
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Tubercle
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small rounded projection/ process
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Epicondyle
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raised area on or above a condyle
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Spine
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sharp, slender often pointed projection
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Process
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any bony prominence
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What is the structural unit found in compact bone?
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osteon
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What is the structure of spongy bone?
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traveculae (layers of lamellae and osetocytes; too small to contain osteons)
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How often is cancellous/ spongy bone replaced in the skeleton?
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every 3-4 years
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How often is compact bone replaced in the skeleton?
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every 10 years
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Where does bone deposit and removal occur?
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periosteal and endosteal surfaces
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What performs bone deposition?
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osteoblasts
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What performs bone re-absorption?
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osteoclasts
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What is an osteoclast?
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a giant cell with many nuclei, breaks down bone tissue by secreting HCL and lysosomal enzymes, derived from hematopoietic stem cells
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What are the functional features of muscles?
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contractible, excitability, extensibility, elasticity
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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skeletal, smooth, cardiac
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What are the 3 connective tissues found in the skeletal muscle?
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epimysium (found around the muscle), perimysium (found around the fascicle), endomysium (found around the muscle fiber)
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What are the 2 types of attachment in the muscle?
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origin (less movable attachment) insertion (more movable attachment)
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Myofibril
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specialized contractile organelle found in muscle tissue, are a long row of repeating segments called sarcomeres
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What are the parts of a sarcomere?
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z disc, thin sctin filaments, thick myosin filaments
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(dark) A bands
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full length of thick filament
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(light) I bands
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region with only thin filaments
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H zone
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center part of A band where no thin filaments occur
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M line
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in the center of the H zone
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What are the organizational levels of skeletal muscle?
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muscle, fasicle (bundle of muscle cells), muscle fiber 9cell), myofibril (rodlike contractile element), sarcomere (segment of myofibril, contractile unit), myofilament (thick and thin portions with sliding function)
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What is a motor unit?
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a motor unit and all of the individual muscle fibers that it innervates
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What are the steps of activation of a motor unit?
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initiation of action potential, conduction of action potential along the nerve fiber, release of acetylcholine (the neurotransmitter) at the neuromuscular junction, depolarization of the muscle membrane 9releases calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum), resultant contraction of the muscl…
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Isometric contraction
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muscles contract but the joints do not move and muscle fibers maintain a constant length
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Isotonic contraction
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a body part is moved and the muscle fibers shorten or lengthen
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Electromyogram
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recording of the electrical activity in a whole muscle
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CMP
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compound muscle potential; the sum of electrical activity of many individual muscle fibers all firing at once. the magnitude reflects the number of motor units active
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Recruitment
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the nervous system controls a muscle by adjusting the number of motor axons firing, controlling the number of twitching muscle fibers
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Summation
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when the muscle fiberis still above baseline levels from the twitch (not completely relaxed) and the next contraction is stronger than normal (aka. additive effect)
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Tetanus
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at even higher frequencies when the muscle has no time to relax between successive stimuli
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Working antagonistically
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when two or more muscles work together and the contraction of one muscle elongates the other
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Fatigue
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when muscles are contracted for long periods of time they deplete ATP, nutrients, and oxygen; also due to perception of conditions in the brain
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Coactivation
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a phenomenon in which contraction of a muscle leads to more minor activity in the antagonist muscle (helps stabilize the joint)
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What are the 12 cranial nerves?
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Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulococchlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accesory, hypoglossal
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What are the types of vertebral bones and how many are there?
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cervical 7, thoracic 12, lumbar 5, sacral 5, coccyx 4
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olfactory foramina
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olfactory nerve I
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optic canal
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optic nerve II
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superior orbital fissure
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oculomotor nerve III, troclear nerve IV, trigeminal nerve opthalmic division v1, abducens nerve VI
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foramen rotundum
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trigeminal nerve maxillary division V2
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foramen ovale
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trigeminal nerve mandibular division V3
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foramen spinosum
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middle meningeal artery
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carotid canal
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carotid artery
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internal acoustic meatus
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facial nerve VII, vestibulococchlear nerve VIII
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jugular foramen
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jugular artery, glossopharyngeal nerve IX, vagus nerve X, accesory nerve XI
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hypoglossal canal
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hypoglossal nerve XII
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supraorbital foramen
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supraorbital nerve and artery
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inferior orbital fissure
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trigeminal maxillary division V2, zygomatic nerve, blood vessels
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infraorbital foramen
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infraorbital nerve
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mental foramen
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blood vessels, trigeminal nerve mandibular division V3
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foramen magnum
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spinal cord
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styloidmastoid foramen
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facial nerve VII
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mandibular foramen
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alveolar nerve
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transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae
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vertebral arteries
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costal groove
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neurovascular bundle
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What are the 3 layers of the skin?
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epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
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What are the 4/5 layers of the epidermis?
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stratum corneum, s. lucidum (in skin on soles of feet and palms of hands), s. granulosum, s. spinosum, s. basale
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What does the dermis contain?
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blood vessels, sweat glands, nerves, hair follicles
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What does the hypodermis contain?
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fat and connective tissue
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What are the 3 types of sweat glands and where are they?
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apocrine (pubic and axillary)
sebaceous (around hair follicles)
eccrine (all over skin)
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3 types of muscle and attributes
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smooth- involuntary, not striated, uninucleate
skeletal- voluntary, striated, multnucleate
cardiac- involuntary, intercalated discs, uninucleate
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What are the functions of the skin?
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sensory, water homeostasis, protection from environment, thermoregulation, vitamin d synthesis
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What are the zones for bone tissue?
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zone of-
reserve cartilage, proliferation and maturation, hypertrophy, calcifying cartilage, osteogenesis
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Anatomy - Flashcards