BIOL 319: FINAL EXAM
122 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
|---|---|
|
1. List three instances where tools are used for survival?
|
- Tools for acquiring food
- Tools for acquiring water
- Tools for protection: shelters, clothing, combat
|
|
2. For most indigenous people, bows were made out of what?
|
- Single stave of wood, sometimes with sinew reinforcement
|
|
3. Why are plant fiber bow strings superior to animal fibers?
|
- Resists stretching and remains strong in damp conditions
|
|
4. What is curare and who uses it?
|
- Poison derived from sister species of Strychnos
- Block nicotinic acetylcholine receptors of the neuromuscular junction
- Causes death by paralyzing the respiratory system
- Used by SE Asian and S. American tribes
|
|
5. What poison do the Kaalahari Bushmen use?
|
- Utilize posions made from plants containing cardiac glycosides (e.g. oleander, milkweeds, or Strophanthus - all from Apocynaceae family)
- Strophanthus kombe yield a cardiac glycoside, G-strophanthin, that causes the heartbeat to slow down and eventually stop
|
|
6. How is the kombe poison extracted?
|
- Pods of kombe are collected, broken open, and the seeds with wool attached are placed in pot
- Using a piece of bamboo, the seeds were separated from the wool and pounded into a paste using mortar and pestle
- Paste is mixed with the milky juice from plants of the genus Euphoria, whic…
|
|
7. List 3 broad categories of chemical compounds that kill fish? Which are preferred and why?
|
- Cyanides
- Rotenones
- Saponins
- Rotenones and saponins are preferred because compounds would kill fish but not sufficiently toxic enough to kill people
|
|
8. List strategies HG people would use to find water in dry/arid regions (like the desert)?
|
- Plant knowledge - knowing which trees/shrubs are associated with underground water sources
- E.g. Barrel Cactus of American southwest
- In desert, water is rare and often subterranean and when it is close to surface it is often associated with vegetation in form of an oasis
- E.g. T…
|
|
9. What is the bow drill?
|
- Technique used to make fire
- The bow, typically of wood/bone with a plant fibre or sinew string, is used to spin the drill in its wooden holder (requires less energy)
|
|
10. What were the earliest tools used for crop cultivation?
|
- Simple wooden sticks
- Mattocks
- Hoes
|
|
11. Why was acquisition of water more important/challenging for agrarian lifestyles?
|
- Agrarian cultures required large quantitates of water to meet not only the physiological needs of the people but to water their crops and give to domesticated animals
- If settlement was not located near abundant fresh water sources (river, lakes) then water had to be moved over a dis…
|
|
12. What is a shaduf?
|
- Mechanism for obtaining water from a lake
- Uses wooden pole and heavy stone counterbalance
- Used by ancient Egyptians for irrigation
- Continues to be used by indigenous people along the Nile and Rift lakes of Africa
|
|
13. What are containers used for
|
- Transport food, water, other materials from source to encampment
- Preserve food/other items by protecting them from insects and scavengers
- May contain items of medicinal, spiritual, or ceremonial value
- Hold food while they are being cooked
- Decorative value (personal enjoyment…
|
|
14. Why is paper birch the most valuable birch species?
|
- Bark is thin, flexible, peels off in large sheets, water repellent (due to suberin)
- Stripped from tree in spring and rolled up for easy transport
- Used as tinder to start fires
- Used in constructions of shelters, drums, canoes, drinking cups, carrying baskets, and cooking pots
|
|
15. How are birch bark containers used for cooking?
|
- Highly flammable so cannot go over an open flame
- Rocks were heated in a fire then dropped into the birch bark pot
- As rocks cooled, they would be removed and process is repeated until food is cooked
|
|
16. Beetle grubs are eaten as a delicacy by what group of people? How do they harvest and transport them?
|
- Asmat people of southwestern New Guinea
- Eaten during village feasts - grubs are large and fatty
- To ensure adequate supply, at least 6 weeks in advance of feast, the Asmat cut down large quantities of Sago palm trees, the trunks of which contains a starchy pith
- Holes are drille…
|
|
17. Wood is comprised of _______ ___________, arranged as a series of perforated _______ & __________.
|
- Xylem tissue, tracheids & vessels
|
|
18. What do xylem rays do?
|
- Carry water & minerals laterally across trunk in order to sustain living cells associated with the cambium layers (to phloem tissue)
|
|
19. Describe heartwood in a tree.
|
- Forms bulk of tree
- Has lost ability to carry water and minerals
- Functions primarily as support
- Eventually becomes infected with fungus and rots, leaving behind hollow trunk
|
|
20. Describe sapwood in a tree.
|
- Made up of younger xylem that transport water and minerals up from the roots, as well as photosynthetic materials that were produced in the leaves and moved down to the roots via phloem
|
|
21. What is the most important element of a living tree?
|
- Very thin layer of meristematic cells known as vascular cambium, located just under bark
- Purpose is to produce living xylem tissue to the inside of the tree trunk and living phloem to the outside
|
|
22. What is the porosity of wood determined by?
|
- Species-specific arrangement of tracheids and vessels
- Also influences density, permeability, and acoustic properties
|
|
23. What is the hardest wood in the world, and what is the lightest?
|
- Lignum vitae - hardest & densest
- Balsa wood - lightest, very porous and buoyant
|
|
24. How do craftsmen create different tones/pitches in a drum?
|
- Altering the thickness of the walls using wood of different density and porosity
- Apetures cut into the drumhead to release sound
- Tensioning of cords connecting the animal skin drumheads produces the two different pitches (high tones - female, low tones - male)
|
|
25. What does the sound emitted by a rattle depend on?
|
- Resonance quality of the chamber
- Size, number and material used for the rattle elements themselves
|
|
26. What were simple flutes made from and what period do they date back to?
|
- Hollow animal bones
- Found in Germany in Neolithic Period (40,000 years ago)
|
|
27. What is a pan flute? What is it made from?
|
- Series of simple one hole flutes of different lengths each producing a specific note
- Made from hollow reeds, bamboo, and cane, bone, copper, or ceramic
- Some date back over 6000 years (in Peru)
|
|
28. What is a didjeridu?
|
Distinctive sounding instrument made from trees that have been hollowed out by termites
- Most famously used by the aboriginal tribes of northern Australia
|
|
29. How is a didjeridu made?
|
- Using bamboo, eucalyptus or bloodwood
- Tree is selected and cut down, left to dry
- Bark is stripped off
- Piece is carved to correct length and thickness to achieve the proper pitch
- Mouthpiece made from wood, wax, or Eucalyptus gum is attached to the hollow tube
- Entire instru…
|
|
30. What is a didjeridu used for in different tribes?
|
- Yolngu aboriginals - for ceremonial purposes to communicate with the spirit realm during initiation and death ceremonies
- Arrente peoples of central Australia - tool for hunting
- Aborigines - didgeridoo player will imitate the emu's call in order to draw the large birds into a net…
|
|
31. What are problems associated with the 3-stone open fire?
|
- Inefficient
- Very smoky
- Carbon soot in the smoke of cooking fires = major contributor to respiratory diseases such as emphysema
- Combustion and deforestation are important contributors to global warming
|
|
32. What is solar cooking? What are the advantages/disadvantages?
|
- Designed as a parabolic concave mirror that directs heat into a central focal point
- In bright sunlight, very high temperatures are reached - enough to cook your food and boil water
- Eliminates need for biomass fuels
- can be made locally
- Generally higher cost than single famil…
|
|
33. What does the cook stove from the FastCompany use as heat source?
|
- Molten salt
- Salt is cheap, lasts for many years
- When melted by heat from solar energy, retains heat for several hours in insulated chamber
- No organic biomass, such as wood or animal dung is required
|
|
34. What do indigenous people of the north use for fuel?
|
- Limited access to wood resources
- Use animal fats augmented with dried moss, grasses, sedges, or dried caribou dung gathered from the tundra
|
|
35. How did the indigenous people of the north stay warm with limited fuel?
|
- Had small, domed igloos that were remarkably well insulated
- Use of warm, layered animal hides as winter clothing
- Slept huddled close together to share body warmth
|
|
36. List two reasons for need of transportation.
|
- Long distance movement of goods and materials
- Long distance movement of people
|
|
- Long distance movement of goods and materials
- Long distance movement of people
|
- Migration (permanent or seasonal)
- Communication (political/familial)
- Tribal warfare
- Exploration
- Curiosity
|
|
38. What factors influence the design of transportation devices?
|
- Intended purpose (e.g. exploration, trade, war, fishing etc.)
- On land vs in water
- Ease by which movement is possible (mountains vs open plains)
- Intended load
- Power source (e.g. wind, people, animal)
- Material/skills available
- Aesthetic beauty vs fear invoking, comfort v…
|
|
39. What is a travois?
|
- Simple carrying platform made from two long wooden poles that was pulled by dogs
- Once horses were reintroduced by Spanish in 1400s, then horse travois were also used
- Appear inefficient compared to wheeled carts but they are simple and quick to make using local materials, can be u…
|
|
40. Why was the wheel not adopted by indigenous peoples until they had become assimilated into more advanced civilizations?
|
- Wheels required roads, and roads required dedicated manpower for their construction and upkeep
|
|
41. Who developed the sled and toboggan? what were they made from?
|
- Athabascan peoples of Alaska
- Made from birch bark or thin slabs of wood lashed to bent willow sapling with strips of spruce roots boiled in water to make them soft
|
|
42. Who developed the snowshoe?
|
Indigenous people of N. America - specific design attributed to the Cree, Huron, Algonquin, Iroquois, and various Plains people, variations by Inuit cultures
|
|
43. What is 'mal de raquette'?
|
- Ailment suffered by early European settlers upon using snowshoes for the first time
- Strained leg muscle caused by trying to walk with your legs splayed apart rather than allowing the shoes to overlap each other as you walk using a normal gait
|
|
44. What are the two main designs for water transport?
|
- Raft of logs lashed together with vines/ropes
- Narrow, log shaped vessel of varying size that float readily and can be propelled through water with some speed, either by paddle or wind
|
|
45. Why is bamboo used to make rafts?
|
- Water resistant and buoyant
- Contains air-filled hollows that are sealed off internally by diaphragms located at each of the nodes
|
|
46. Describe the ancient method of making a dug-out canoe.
|
- Burn out interior of a large cedar log then scrape out charred portions with a sharpened seashell
- Sides tapered at each end using a stone adze
- Wooden paddles fashioned from another species (pine or ash)
- Can be found among many indigenous cultures, not only from the Americas, b…
|
|
47. Who built the largest canoes? What were the made of?
|
- Indigenous people, specifically the Salish, Nootka, and Haida peoples of the Pacific West Coast
- Hewed from single logs of red cedar trees
- High upturned prow and stern and relatively flat bottom designed for stability and to allow the vessels to be beached on sandy shores and back …
|
|
48. What were the Polynesians acknowledged for by the indigenous people?
|
- Most skilled sailors
- And most skilled builders of ocean going watercrafts
|
|
49. Why was the Vesi Tree important and unique?
|
- Described as botanical equivalent of steel, extremely dense
- Grows on soils too poor to support agriculture yet produces extremely tall trees from which a ship's hull exceeding 20 m in length can be fashioned
|
|
50. The Maori (of Polynesian descent) colonized what island between 800 and 1200 A.D.?
|
- New Zealand, exploration was permitted by their large, ocean-going vessels
|
|
51. What did the Maori bring to New Zealand that did not flourish in the cooler climate?
|
- Breadfruit and coconut
|
|
52. On Polynesian islands, the knowledge base for construction of ships and navigation was held by a small group. Among this group would be individuals with what skills?
|
- Selecting the correct plant materials for each phase of construction
- A shaman to determine if a curse had been placed on the ship with sufficient power to reverse the spell before the maiden voyage
- A group of technical experts who could engineer the actual construction process an…
|
|
53. What activity did women generally perform in construction of vessels and why was this their only involvement?
|
- Weaving of leaves from a palm-like tree, known as Panadanus, into mats and sails
- Ritually prohibited from any other involvement - thought they would bring ill luck
- Prohibited to reduce sexual tension and because belief system was that women would bring bad weather, spoil food, dr…
|
|
54. List some plants carried to New Zealand and Hawaii by the Polynesians.
|
- Sweet banana
- Sugar cane
- Sweet potato
- Bottle gourd
- Taro
|
|
55. How was a birch bark canoe made?
|
- Bark was stripped from tree in spring, vertical slit cut down trunk and bark would curl and be easily peeled off by hand
- Fresh bark used immediately, stored or fallen bark had to be treated in hot water to regain flexibility
- Frames and planking constructed from northern white ceda…
|
|
56. Why was intertribal combat usually instigated?
|
- Acquiring/defending land, material wealth, or human resources
- Success that warriors have in combat was directly related to their community status, giving them access to honour, material wealth and mates
- Also could be because of longstanding blood feuds with neighbouring groups
- …
|
|
57. What was the earliest form of weaponry among HG cultures? What were their 2 purposes?
|
- Spears and clubs
- Hunting and warfare
|
|
58. What is an atlatl?
|
- Spear thrower
- Enable a hunter/warrior to hurl a spear or dart with much greater speed and force than throwing by hand alone, thus gaining distance and penetration power
- Spear fits in small holder at end of the atlatl - extension of length of arm
- Typically made of wood or bone, …
|
|
59. What were war clubs made from? What are they used for?
|
- Heads of heavy bone, wood, or stone (later with metal as it became available)
- Wooden heads made from tree roots or burls (fungal infection that causes trees to develop large bulbous knots)
- Used by indigenous cultures for combat, some designed for throwing or close combat
|
|
- Heads of heavy bone, wood, or stone (later with metal as it became available)
- Wooden heads made from tree roots or burls (fungal infection that causes trees to develop large bulbous knots)
- Used by indigenous cultures for combat, some designed for throwing or close combat
|
Taxol - potent anti-cancer drug
|
|
61. What poison do the Apache use?
|
Steroidal saponins found in the sap of Yucca
|
|
62. What does the bloodroot poison do?
|
- Rhizome of bloodroot contains an alkaloid known as sanguinarine, which blocks the action of Na+/K++ ATPase transmembrane proteins and leads to tissue destruction
|
|
63. The Potent arrow toxin produced from Monksood/Wolfsbane was used by who and for what?
|
- Contains a powerful alkaloid known as aconitine and pseudoaconitine
- Hunting poison used by the Aleuts of Alaska who were able to kill whales with it
- Ainu of the Japanese Islands and the Chinese who used it in warfare
|
|
64. How is curare made?
|
The stems and roots of plant (species Strychnos) are crushed into a milky sap, which is combined with snake or frog toxins and then boiled down until it becomes dark-coloured syrup or tar
|
|
65. What does curare do?
|
- Inhibits nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
- When injected into bloodstream by an arrow or dart, causes muscles of the face, neck and diaphragm to relax, culminating in death by suffocation
|
|
66. What happens if curare is ingested in the meat of animal prey?
|
- It is not toxic, digestive system is able to break it down
|
|
67. What plants were used in intertribal combat to poison an enemy?
|
Calcium oxalate from the rhizome of Jack-in-the-Pulprit
- Amatoxins from deadly Amanita mushrooms
|
|
68. What was the purpose of war masks?
|
- Induce fear among enemies
- Ceremonial purposes, including preparation for war (by African cultures predominately)
|
|
69. What 2 things did indigenous cultures rely on to treat disease?
|
- Local resources
- Traditional knowledge
|
|
70. What is the difference between the western perspective of health care versus indigenous?
|
- Western cultures - pain and discomfort considered abnormal conditions that are connected to one's physical state, medicines readily available, and responsibility for health care lies primarily with medical professionals
- Indigenous - physical health is intimately entwined with psychol…
|
|
71. How are shamans designated?
|
- On basis of blood ties - special teaching from early age, successive generation, no gender distinction
- By virtue of special powers/sensitivities - sensitivity to natural cycles, special signs from spiritual world, or empathy from human suffering. Skills and sensitivities enhanced by…
|
|
72. Identification and use of medicinal plants requires knowledge including:
|
- Identifying plant species, subspecies or population that produces the most useful compounds specific to a particular ailment and determine the influence of habitat, age and form on potency
- Identifying the plant structures (seed, lead, stem, root, fruit) that produce the highest qual…
|
|
73. What claims about the Goji berry have been supported? What claims are marketing ploys?
|
Supported: antibacterial, antifungal, minor cardiovascular benefits
- Marketing ploy: Goji polysaccharides are involved in cell mediation processes that prevent or cure cancers and a host of other diseases
|
|
74. What are the pharmacological properties of Goldthread and who used this plant?
|
Used by First Nations peoples
- Contains the alkaloid berberine - shown to act as mild sedative with anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties
- Treats mouth cankers
|
|
75. What are the pharmacological properties of Teaberry?
|
- Contains methyl salicylate, chemical precursor of acetyl-salicylic acid (ASA) found in Aspirin
- Both provide minor analgesic benefits (pain relief)
|
|
76. What is Hairy Beggar's Ticks used to treat?
|
Wounds, malaria, constipation, intestinal worms, conjunctivitis, rheumatism, inflammation
|
|
77. What is Sweetgrass used for?
|
- Native American uses: all around panacea, smoke from dried braids used ceremonially to dispel evil spirits, and treat colds
- Used in tea as blood thinner (contains anticoagulant coumarin)
|
|
78. List medicinal properties of two plants found in the Kingston area.
|
- Bearberry - leaves can be mixed with tobacco and smoked during ceremonies, stems and leaves can be boiled to treat diarrhea and kidney infections
- Wild Ginger - treat chest colds and heart disease, potent diuretic, flower looks like birth canal, extracts given to women experiencing di…
|
|
79. List and describe 3 ways traditional healers discovered new medicinal plants?
|
- Comparison across similar species - sample a range of plants from taxonomic families known to possess useful species, species within certain plant families often share many of the same secondary metabolites (e.g. Nightshade Family - Solanaceae has certain glycoalkaloids)
- Doctrine of…
|
|
80. What is quinine used for?
|
- Treat malarial fevers
- From South American trees of the Genus Cinchona
|
|
81. What is Devil's Club?
|
- Member of Ginseng family
- Found throughout the rainforests of the Pacific Coast, used by Haida
- Crushed berries applied to scalp to treat head lice and dandruff
- Decoctions of the plant juices were used for treating infection, including tuberculosis as well as arthritis and gastro…
|
|
82. What is the process by which new plant based drugs are tested and approved for marketing?
|
- Processed using analytical methods (e.g. High Pressure Liquid Chromatography) in order to screen secondary metabolites that may have therapeutic value
- Most promising plant compounds are then fractioned to obtain pure sample in milligram amounts
- In vitro testing is conducted over s…
|
|
83. Compare the common health afflictions between indigenous and Western cultures.
|
- Indigenous cultures by virtue of their comparatively low economic status, often suffer from acute medical conditions related to food deficiencies, zoonoses (diseases transmitted from animals like parasites) and poor sanitation
- Western cultures must content with chronic diseases broug…
|
|
84. Compare herbal treatments vs. modern drugs
|
- Herbal treatments typically have lower concentrations of active ingredients, generally of low toxicity (with exceptions) unless taken in very high dose, and low doses can be very effective at dealing with such conditions like vitamin deficiency
- Western medicine uses synthetic drugs …
|
|
85. How was digoxin discovered?
|
- William Withering learned of a hedge witch near the village of Shropshire England, who was successful in treating symptoms of congestive heart failue
- He obtained the witch's recipe and analyzed the various plant ingredients to determine any special properties
- The plant extract of…
|
|
86. What is Rosy Periwinkle used for?
|
- Native to Madagascar and used by indigenous people as treatment for diabetes, malaria, sore throats
- Europeans believed it had the power to exorcise evil spirits
- In traditional Chinese and Indian Ayurvedic medicine, it is used to treat diabetes, malaria, and Hodgkin's lymphoma
- …
|
|
87. In the Philippines, what do traditional herbalists use to Tropical Almond for?
|
- Treat dermatitis, helminthiases (worms) and hepatitis in both humans and animals
|
|
88. What compound is harmful in Red Zinger herbal tea?
|
Contains cherry bark - may poison you due to concentration of cyanide compounds
|
|
89. What is mysticism?
|
- Refers to knowledge or power gained through transcendent experience
- Info that becomes a part of the cultural or individual consciousness that is acquired through dreams, trance revelations, prayer and meditation or profound personal epiphany
|
|
90. What is spirituality?
|
- Belief in a power operating in the universe that is greater than oneself and that there is some higher purpose and meaning to life, beyond the physical
- For many indigenous cultures, it may also include a belief in the interconnectedness of all living things
|
|
91. What is Religion?
|
- System of attitudes, beliefs, and practises concerning the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe, especially when considered as the creation of supernatural agencies
- Usually involves devotional and ritual observances including a moral code governing the conduct of human affairs…
|
|
92. Why is there a strong link between plants and the cycles of life and death?
|
- Life and death are two biggest events in one's life acknowledged with ceremonies
- Hopi of the American southwest have rituals celebrating the birth of a child that are intimately tied to their main food staple, corn
- When a family member is lost it involves sharing of special foods,…
|
|
93. Why is ergotamine relevant to European history?
|
- This potent mycotoxin is found in the fungal infection of rye plants known as ergot and was likely responsible for hundreds of thousands of deaths across Europe in the Middle Ages known as St. Anthony's Fire
|
|
94. What is Peyote?
|
Spineless, green cactus native to Mexico and Southwestern Texas
- Contains psychoactive ingredient mescaline - valued for hallucinogenic properties
- Used in shamanic ritual, not legal for personal use
|
|
95. Describe Peyote ritual.
|
- 4-12 dried buttons consumer per individual depending on size/age/gender
- Ritual last from dusk until dawn and includes song, prayer and drumming
- Experience may be negative, including chills, vomiting, fever, and delirium or positive including euphoria, psychedelic dream states, vi…
|
|
96. What is Virola?
|
Hallucinogenic snuff used by the Yanomami tribes (Amazon and Orinco Basin)
- Part of shamanistic ceremonies as well as recreational
- Snuff made from blood-red sap found within soft inner bark (secondary phloem)
|
|
97. How is virola snuff prepared?
|
- Peels of virola bark are carefully heated over a fire to release resin
- Dried leaves of Justicia pectoralis, a local shrub with aromatic possibly stimulant properties, are added to the resin along with wood ash made from the tree Elizabeth princeps, presumably to reduce acidity
- Mi…
|
|
98. What is Ayahuasca?
|
- Means 'vines of the soul' and the leaves and stems form the main ingredient in a psychoactive drink
- Native to Cenral/South America
- May be mixed with other psychoactive plant species containing DMT to increase potency
- Stimulate auditory and visual centres of the brain and are pe…
|
|
99. What are the 2 primary metabolic pathways and what do they provide?
|
- Photosynthesis, cellular respiration
- The organic molecules necessary for growth and development and the energy necessary for metabolic conversions
|
|
100. What are the secondary metabolic pathways and what do they provide?
|
- Glycolysis, shikimate
- Waste storage, conversion of toxins, pest and disease deterrents
- Cold and drought tolerance
- Floral attractants
- Concentrate and compartmentalize otherwise harmful compounds
|
|
101. Instead of direct nutrient value for humans, secondary compounds have what?
|
- Medicinal or psychoactive properties
|
|
102. What are the 4 main groups of secondary metabolites?
|
- Terpenoids - products of glucose metabolism through the glycolytic pathways. Include hormones, carotenoids, sterols, latex
- Alkaloids - extremely strongly flavoured (bitter and toxic), major reason for evolution of toxic alkaloid is to deter herbivores (insects mostly)
- Glycosides -…
|
|
103. What are the 3 physiological effects associated with secondary metabolites of plants?
|
- Mild digestive aids - function by suppressing methanogenic bacteria in the gut, thus reducing pressure of digestive gases
- Anti-inflammatories - reduce cellular inflammatory response
- Febrifuges - particular form of anti-inflammatory that serve to reduce fevers (e.g. quinine)
|
|
104. What are the 5 psychoactive effects associated with secondary metabolites?
|
- Sedatives - mild suppression of CNS
- Stimulants - increase production of 2nd messengers=increased NT
- Analgesics - control pain, induce sleep, reduce stress/tension
- Hallucinogens - strong connections to brain receptor sites that control sensations of pleasure and pain and disrup…
|
|
106. List a carbohydrate source for the Mississauga people.
|
- Bread, gruel, and meal made from corn flour and from wild plants
- Flour and gruel made from seeds of certain high yield grasses, such as Reed grass or Wild Rice
- Or by grinding the starchy tubers of Arrowhead and Ground nut
- Cattails: roots dried and found into flour, pollen colle…
|
|
107. List a fruit source for the Mississauga people.
|
- Wild strawberry, grape, black currant, raspberry
- Could be dried and stored over winter
- Used in preparation of pemmican
|
|
108. List a vegetable source for the Mississauga people
|
- Leafs greens, shoots, miscellaneous wild plant foods
- E.g. cattails, Indian Cucumber, Wild Onion, Wild Garlic
|
|
109. What is a wigwam?
|
- Temporary structure meant for single families
|
|
110. What is a longhouse
|
Larger, more permanent structure to hold several families
|
|
111. What were wigwams and longhouses made of?
|
- Framework made of tree saplings from strong pliable species such as Ash that were bent to create rounded supports
- In winter, the frame was covered with water-repellent bark peeled from the trunks of Black Ash, Basswood, Paper Birch, or Elm
- In summer bark was often replaced with wo…
|
|
112. List a plant material that was used as clothing to keep warm in winter (Mississauga tribes).
|
- Bark of Red Cedar - shredded to produce fibers that were woven into various articles of soft, comfortable clothing
- Cattail seed fluff and dried mosses - provide additional insulation for winter clothing
|
|
113. What tree species did the Mississauga people make their bows out of?
|
Hickory or Ash
|
|
114. List 4 plants used by Mississauga people for healing and/or spiritual rights,
|
- Willows - famous as original source of salicylic acid, relieves joint pain and manages fevers
- Corydalis and Allegheny Vine - used medicinally as tea to treat menstrual problems, diarrhea, bronchitis, sore throats, and stomach aches, smoked as mild hallucinogen
- Maidenhair fern - ch…
|
|
115. What is Kinnikinnick?
|
- Refers to ceremonial or ritual botanical mix of various herbs and plants, usually including bearberry
- Used in a number of traditional ways including smudging ceremonies, to keep harmful spirits away, carried as offering to beneficial spirits, and to wash away sickness and bad feelin…
|
|
116. How do individuals + organizations plan on working with members of remaining T/I cultures to protect their way of life?
|
Not by isolating them from the modern world, but by incorporating sustainable practises based on their traditional knowledge
|
|
117. What is the significance of the Brazil Nut?
|
- Found in Amazonian Rainforest - largest and most biodiverse ecosystem
- Along with Latex Tree, the Brazil Nut provides year-round income for local peoples while preserving the ecological functions and properties of the primary forest
- Brazil nut production has declined in recent year…
|
|
118. Describe the restoration efforts of the Vesi Tree.
|
- Only 8% of original population of Vesi trees remain while 96% of island's communities depend on Vesi tree for carving as their main or only source of income
- WWF and other conservation organization have created tree nurseries to grow Vesi seedlings
- Efforts underway (e.g. educationa…
|
|
119. What are the benefits of land terracing?
|
- By terracing mountainside, crops receive greater amounts of sunlight for longer hours = more productive (unlike shaded and cool areas dep into the valley = shorter growing season)
- Incans also controlled the irrigation of the terraces by diverting small channels of water from nearby m…
|
|
120. How can the benefits of land terracing be applied elsewhere?
|
- Used for crop production in Peru and Philippines
- Centuries-old technique of hillside terracing by indigenous farmers in Mali is now being applied in other African regions to reduce soil erosion caused by heavy seasonal rain
- Rice terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras have been de…
|
|
121. What is a muyong?
|
- Ring of private forests, located above each cluster of terraces
- Resource extraction regulated through tribal practices
- Provides food, medicine, fuel wood, construction and wood for carving, habitat for pollinators, game species, and predators
- Primary recharge zone providing wat…
|
|
122. What were the results of the Philippine government introducing modern strains of rice, chemical pesticides and fertilizers, and decreasing the traditional rotation time between terraced fields?
|
- Increase in rice production for several years (short term)
- Dramatic increase in pest levels
- Downstream water quality deteriorated
- Wild species that were previously used as food disappeared
- Greater inputs of costly fertilizer and pesticides were required to maintain rice pro…
|
|
42. Who developed the snowshoe?
|
- Indigenous people of N. America - specific design attributed to the Cree, Huron, Algonquin, Iroquois, and various Plains people, variations by Inuit cultures
|
Anatomy - Flashcards