BIOL 319: EXAM 3
150 Cards in this Set
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Syndesmoses
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a joint in which bones are connected by short ligament of dense connective tissue
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synarthrotic
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immovable joint
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gomphoses
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"peg and socket" fibrous joint; synarthrotic
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teeth
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example of gomphosis joint
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crown
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everything above the gumline
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enamel; hydroxyapetite
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white covering of tooth, made of pure _______________
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enamel
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hardest thing in the body
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dentin
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comprises the bulk of the tooth; more similar to bone
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pulp
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soft area of tooth with nerve and blood supply
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trigeminal nerve; pulp
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nerves that go through the teeth branch from __________ ______; and enter through the _____
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peridontal ligament
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welds teeth to jaw
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calcium phosphate
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what mineralizes the peridontal ligament?
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cartilaginous joints
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bones joined by cartilage with no joint cavity
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synchondroses
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joint in which the bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
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epiphyseal plate; between vertebrae
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examples of synchondroses
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synostosis
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suture when two bones weld together
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symphyses
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a joint in which bones are connected by fibrocartilage
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lumbar vertebrae; between pubic bones
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locations of symphyses
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amphiarthrotic
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slightly movable joint
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fibrocartilage; hyaline cartilage
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symphyses made up of _____________ surrounded by _________ ____________.
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annulus fibrosis
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ring of fibrocartilage in symphysis
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synovial
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joint which consists of articulating bones separated by a fluid cavity; freely movable
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temporal-mandibular joint; c1 and skull
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most synovial joints are in appendicular skeleton; what are exceptions?
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diarthrotic
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Freely movable joint
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distal tibiofibular joint
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most amphiarthrotic joints are in the axial skeleton; exception?
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articular cartilage, synovial space
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structures of joint which help reduce friction
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articular cartilage
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smooth, slick cartilage which helps reduce friction
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joint-kinesthetic receptors
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what in diarthrotic joints allow proprioception?
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outer fibrous capsule, lined by synovial membrane
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describe articular capsule
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dense irregular CT
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what is fibrous capsule made of?
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welded to periosteum
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how is fibrous capsule attached to bone?
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synovial membrane
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coats hyaline cartilage and provides nutrients
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patella
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bone that develops w/in tendon
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meniscus
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wedge of fibrocartilage in knee
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absorbs shock; improves fit
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function of meniscus in knee
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dense irregular CT
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what are ligaments made of?
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medial(tibial) collateral and lateral(fibular) collateral
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extracapsular ligaments of the knee
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anterior cruciate and posterior cruciate
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intracapsular ligaments of the knee
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medial meniscus, ACL, MCL
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most injured parts of knee
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lateral shock; tension builds here first
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what is most often cause of injury to the knee? why these places?
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bursa
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flattened sac of synovial membrane; basically ball baring
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subacromial bursa
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bursa in shoulder
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bursitis
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inflammation of bursa due to damage
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laterally and backwards
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shoulder can fall out of place two ways:
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coracoacromial ligament and bones
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what prevents the shoulder form falling out of place upward?
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teres minor; infraspinatus; supraspinatus; subscapularis
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4 muscles that make up rotator cuff
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labrum cartilage
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fibrocartilage band around glenoid cavity of shoulder
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ulnar (medial) collateral ligament
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important ligament of elbow
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Tommy John surgery
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surgery which reconstructs the ulnar collateral ligament by reconstructing it with a tendon from another part of the body
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palmaris longus
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tendon from which muscle is used often for Tommy John surgery?
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snugness, capsules/ligaments, muscles
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mehcanisms to prevent dislocation
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ligament
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something that is extensible, not elastic
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nonaxial
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slipping joint movement
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between carpal/tarsal bones
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examples of where you would find nonaxial joint motion
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uniaxial
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joint movement on one plane only
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elbow-hinge joint
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example of uniaxial joint motion
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biaxial
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joint movement on two planes
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biaxial
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type of joint movement which allows circumduction
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metacarpal-phalangeal joints
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example of where biaxial joint movement occurs
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bunyon
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bursitis of big toe
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rheumatism
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general term for any kind of pain/dysfunction of muscles/bones
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arthritis
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joint inflammation
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luxation
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another term for dislocation
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double jointed-ness
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hyperflexible ligaments cause what?
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osteoarthritis
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"wear and tear" arthritis; slow but relentless thinning of hyaline cartilage
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rheumatoid arthritis
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autoimmune disease in which the immune system fires against the synovial membrane
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gout
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build up of uric acid
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chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine
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give building blocks for hyaline cartilage
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ostephyte
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another name for bone spur
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toe
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1st joint affected by gout
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uric acid
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nitrogen from break down of nucleotides
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adenine and guanine
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uric acid looks a lot like what??
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predenisome; rheumatoid arthritis
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oral drug of cortisol, taken for what?
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52 years
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how old is joint replacement surgery?
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titanium alloy
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what material is used to shape the head of the femur in hip replacement surgery?
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hard and noncorrosie
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importance of the material used in joint replacement surgery
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movement, posture, stability, thermogenesis
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functions of muscle
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excitable, contractile, extensible, elastic
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4 characteristics of muscle fibers
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ligament has been stretched and does not snap back
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reason you are more likely to dislocate a joint after doing it once
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extensible
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tolerates stretching
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elastic
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snaps back into place after stretching
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superficial fascia
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fascia between hypodermis and muscle
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deep fascia
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fascia between individual organs
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epimysium
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dense, irregular CT outer wrapping of muscle
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fascicles
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bundles of muscle fibers
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grains, fibers
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other names for fascicles
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fascicle
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macroscopically, a fiber=?
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perimysium
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fibrous CT surrounding each fascicle
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muscle cell
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microscopically, a fiber=?
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tendon
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rope-like extension of muscle which indirectly attaches it to bone
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dense irregular CT
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what are tendons made of?
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aponeurosis
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sheet-like tendon
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strong and small
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indirect muscle connects are ______ and _____
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myo- or sarco-
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prefixes for muscle cell
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>1cm; up to 0.1 mm
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length and width of muscle fiber
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fusion of multiple myoblasts in embryo
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how are muscle fibers formed?
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no division
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what is the significance of multi-nucleate muscle cells?
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hypertrophy
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how do our muscles get bigger? cells grow via ___________
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remain scattered; create new fibers
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how does muscle healing occur if no division? Few myoblasts ______ _________ throughout the body; can gather to _______ ___ ______.
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H zone
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lightened area in the middle of the A band
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M line
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dark line bisecting H zone
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Z disc
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dark stripe in middle of I band
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sarcomere
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z disc to z disc
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thick filaments, myosin
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protein filament in A band
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thin filaments, actin
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protein filament of I band
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titin
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what huge protein suspends thick filaments of the A band?
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300
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number of myosins in one thick filament
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double helix of actin
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backbone of thin filament made of what?
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tropomyosin filaments
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what wraps around the actin in the thin filaments?
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troponin complex
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every 40 nm in a thin filament, you have what?
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resting
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all bands are observed in what kind of muscle?
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cistern
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something that holds something and can pour it
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A band; I band
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what remains stationary during sarcomere contraction and what moves?
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isoosmotic; individual
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for total solute, cells maintain an __________ solution, but not for __________
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aquaporin
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transmembrane protein made only for water
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against concentration gradient; ATP
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active transport involves a "motor" which pumps substances ____________________________, using ___.
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ATP Hydrolase/ATPase
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name for protein pumps involved in active transport
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K+
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which gradient is steeper, K+ or Na+?
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3 Na+ out, 2 K in, use ATP
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summarized Na+/K+ pump cycle
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Na+/K+ transport
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primary active transport is
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Na+ moves into cell, causes depolarization
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secondary active transport involves?
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-70 mV
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normal membrane potential
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-90 mV
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membrane potential if just K+ leaked
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+135 mV
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membrane potential if just Na+ leaked
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flexion
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movement which decreases the angle of a joint and brings articulating bones closer together
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extension
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movement which increase the angle of a joint and typically straightens a flexed limb of body part.
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abduction
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movement of a limb away from the midline/midsection of the body
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adduction
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movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
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circumduction
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moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space
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rotation
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turning of a bone around its own long axis
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supination
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rotating the forearm laterally so that the palm faces anteriorly (superiorly)
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pronation
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rotating the forearm medially so that the palm faces posteriorly (inferiorly)
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dorsiflexion
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lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin
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plantar flexion
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depressing the foot
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inversion
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movment in which the sole of the foot turns medially
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eversion
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movement in which the sole of the foot turns laterally
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elevation
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lifting a body part superiorly
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depression
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moving the elevated part inferiorly
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opposition
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touching thumb to tips of other fingers
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plane joint
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subtype(s) of nonaxial joint
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hinge joint, pivot joint
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subtype(s) of uniaxial joint
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condylar joint; saddle joint
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subtype(s) of biaxial joints
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ball-and-socket joint
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subtype(s) of multiaxial joints
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ball-and-socket joint
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subtype(s) of multiaxial joints
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synostoses, syndesmoses, gomphoses
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subcategories of fibrous joints
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synchondroses, symphyses
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subcategories of cartilaginous joints
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synarthrotic
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all fibrous joints have what type of movement (synarthrotic, amphi, or di)?
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synathrotic
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syndroses have what type of movement (syn, amphi, or diathrotic)?
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symphyses, possibly syndesmoses
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only amphiarthrotic joint types?
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tendon sheath
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elongated fluid-filled bursa wrapped around a tendon to reduce friction
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