TELE 3010: Test 2
64 Cards in this Set
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Four reoccurring factors of the history of tv
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technological innovation
capitalistic exploitation
governmental regulation
historical intervention
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Television
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seeing from afar
elements of a visual scene can be scanned and broken down into a series of tiny electrical signals that can be transmitted and reassembled in a receiver
unveiled at 1939 New York Worlds fair
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TV inventors
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Vladamir Zworykin and Philo Franswork
- invented electric scanner
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Image dissector
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created by Philo Fransworth
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David Sarnoff and TV
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called it "an art form so important in it's implications that it is bound to affect all society"
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Television in 1940-50's
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entertainment shifted from radio to TV
- milton berle, ed sullivan show
creation of national audiences
growth of post-war tv
- led to freeze on new station growth by FCC
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The Freeze
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1948-1952
On 30 September 1948 the Federal Communications Commissions (FCC) of the United States announced a "freeze" on the granting of new television licenses
channel assignments
color TV and UHF emerged
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Sixth Report and order
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dens Freeze in 1952
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Frieda hancock
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first woman commissioner of the FCC
made it so 12% of channels set aside for non-commercial stations
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Radio and tv
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1950-1960
radio declined as advertisments moved to tv
format radio developed: top 40, classics, DJ's and recorded music
radio tied to recording industry and record sells
localization of radio: reaching out to local advertisers
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TV popularity
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1960-1970
Lucille Ball
videotape came out in 1956= end of live tv
by 1950, 98 stations in 9% of homes
by 1970, 862 stations in 95% of homes
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TV networks
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Big three: CBS, NBC, ABC
programs:
- escape: star trek, I dream of jeanie
- law and order: untochables
- sit-com: all in the family, MASH
- tv news: walter cronkite <3
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Public television
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need for alternative to commercial television
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
- created Corporation for Public Broadcasting CPB
- created Public Broadcasting Service PBS
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Cable television
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in 1975 HBO rented transponder on the satellite SATcom 1 and made satellite Interconnected programming network
lead to TCI: telecommunications and MSO: Multiple System Operators
in 1960 only 1.4% of homes had Cable
by 1985 43%
in 1998 67%
today 97%
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Cable Communications Policy Act
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in 1984 congress passed act that encouraged competition between cable and traditional TV and gave cable operators the freedom to set rates
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VCR's
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first was made by Sony: the Betamaz
1978- 175,000
1982- 5 million
1988- 52 million
today: 9 in 10 homes have some kind of recording device
VCR's lead to time-shifting: recording tv to watch later
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Telecom Act of 1996
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deregulated telecommunications industry and allowed the phone companies to offer TV services and relaxed limits on TV ownership
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Class activity about old TV shows
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I Love Lucy
My Three Sons: sit-com 1960-1965
Ed Sullivan show with the Beatles
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Quiz Show
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film captures the feel of early television and it's impact of America
based on real events: famous Quiz Shoe cheating scandal on "21" in the late 1950's
captures the culture and values of an emerging media industry
directed by Robert Redford
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Architecture
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both modern: nyc and post-modern: asi
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Modernity in America
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1930-1960
from 1960's on post-modernity: and civil rights movement, women's rights, early globalization, cold war
1970-1990 late modernity/early post modernity
1990-current: contemporary post modernity
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Key year 1968
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student protest in Paris, USA
tet offensive in Vietnam
Nixon elected
Robert Kennedy assassinated
Martin Luther King
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Key years 1984, 1989
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berlin wall collapse, collapse of soviet union media
neurimance, first mac, live aid/we are the world
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Marshall McLuhan
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"The Medium is the Message"
visual form of the media is part of the message
- anything that conveys message
post-it, book, canvas, tv
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Mass media
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mass: from idea of "mass society" that emerges in modern cities
media: from "medium" means of meditation or communication
mass media communicates to a mass society
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In-class exercise about media as message
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smart phones: text message
computers: facebook status update
billboard: advertisement
television: super bowl ad
Taylor Swift song about break up: never, ever getting back together
dramatic reading of break up letter
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Raymond Williams
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"television as flow"
television viewing is a social activity and exists in tune with the rhythm of modern life
- laundry, cooking, other media, talking
- interrupting is commercials
experienced as flow
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Broadcasting
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the distribution of media programming from a centralized mass distribution source
- tv network, hollywood
comes from field/agricultural concept of spreading seeds
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Propaganda and mass media
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Nazi propaganda film: Triumph of the Will, 1935
nazi rally rally in nuremberg in 1934
director: Leni Riefenstahl
producer: hitler
- aerial shots, multiple cameras, telephoto lense
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Hypodermic needle
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modern media uses same techniques as Nazi film but "inject" ideas about consumption of goods, values, ideas about self-image to tv viewers
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McChesney
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modern media support commercial interests over people interests
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Schiller
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modern media are a tool of cultural imperialism
west over the rest
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Public sphere
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Jurgen Habermas
media act as a location for open free discussion of matters important to the public
- salons, coffeehouses, book clubs and peoples homes
- public dialouge: televised town-halls, call-in radio talk shows, tv talk shows
modern media allows for "participatory democr…
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Critiques of public sphere
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public sphere ristricted to those groups that have power in society
- based on gender, race and class
women created countersphere
minorities created counterpublics
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Countersphere
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Nancy Fraser
is subordinate to the public sphere but still a site for expression
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Counterpublics
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Michael Warner
have "alternative protocols" that are consciously different from the dominate public sphere
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public sphere and "talk" media
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Talk radio
1988
directed by Oliver Stone
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Postmodern society
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contemporary period: 1990-now
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Frederic Jameson
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" cultural logic of late capitalism"
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Postmodern "values"
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skepticism of "master narratives"
- religion, patriarchy, science, democracy
Example: Pink Panther making fun of Pope and his affect on people
apolitical: ejection of post political correctness
consumption as defining value: fashion, technology and bodies
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Anthony Giddens
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a global society: globalization
concrete structuration of the world as one place
organizing principle of the world in postmodernity replacing nationalism
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Information society
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term used to describe postmodern societies where information is the most significant economic and cultural activity
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Convergence
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the merging of previous disparate media forms
- still/video cameras, telephone, music listening devices, computers, moving visual images or tv and film
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Henry Jenkins
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wrote book: Convergence Culture
important in concept of convergence
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"Computer"
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first example of postmodern media form, replacing the television which is the archetypical "modernist" media form
smart phone is the latest incarnation of the postmodern media form
television is not transforming itself into a postmodern form
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Jean Baudlliard
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stimulation
when images become more real than the real, creating a hyperreality
- a collapse between the counterfeit and the real
creates a society organized around the visual that has no sense of authenticity and can only understand the world through the visual
Beijing World P…
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Cyberblitz
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also by Baudilliard
the random and unpredictable media forms, images and information that bombard us daily in postmodernity society
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Intertextuality
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when a media text derives its meaning from constant referencing of other media texts
invader zim: germs taking over
shreck: reference to other fairytales, making fun of them
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Reflexivity
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self awareness of one's place in the act of representation
cute video about asian dad making documentary thing for daughter as she grows up
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Performance
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we perform our identities rather than they are fixed within us
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Nikki S. Lee
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korean filmmaker who "plays" with identity
acts as stripper, thug, old woman etc. for art
different layers of how people portray her
makes documentary of real life and the person people see her as
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Pastiche
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a visual culture of imitation, remaking, irony and parody
questions the idea of the "original" text
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Nostalgia
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a reflexive engagmenet with the past
often combined with irony and fantasy
Cindy Sherman's self-reflexive images of herself in other era's
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Aesthetics videos
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Otis: Jazy-Z and Kayne
What I've Done: Linkin Park
Gold Soundz: Pavement
Amanda Palmer and the Grand Theft Orchestra: Want it back
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Otis
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Intertextuality – know pop culture referenced in video
• Homage to Otis Redding “Try a Little Tenderness” played throughout video
• You have to know Kanye and Jay-Z to understand video
- Reflexivity – Aziz Ansari makes cameo
• He’s friends with Kanye and talks about him all the tim…
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What I've Done
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Montage of disasters, ice caps melting, 9/11, war
- Review perspectives, full circle – humans wronging humans and animals
- Jogs memory and reminds us what’s going on in the world (human condition)
- Association with Transformers diminishes message
- Nostalgia – world trade centers, w…
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Want it Back
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- Intertextual – in the medium itself that the lyrics are written on (uses diff. surfaces)
• Meaning= LOSS of virginity, black ink invading her—means more on naked skin
- Reflexivity – rethinks feminine identity – doesn’t shave, grungy with ink all over
• Future = fans funding produc…
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Retroactive 1
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1963 silkscreen by Robert Rauschenberg
tension between news images and painting techniques
lives of US citizens in the 1960's
Kennedy pose of pointing finger, framed around news stories about space program
- montage and juxtaposition of images and text that make history and mod…
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Hope
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Barak Obama poster, 2008
pose from JFK, style from Bolshevist agitprop artists of 1920's
newsprint-like gives work sense of urgency and hope from references
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Internal Frame
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image of JFK being shot
not known if real or not
by Ant farm/t.r. uthco
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Sherrie Levin
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after edward weston: nude pic of man
parody because guys usually takes pics of naked women
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Psycho/Simpsons
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remake of the movie as parody
famous shower scene
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A sudden gust of wind
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by jeff wall, remade from katsushika hokusai painting
1993
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Reserves: the purim holiday
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jewish school kids from 1930's
distorted picture of them with dark eye lit by desk lamp
possessions at bottom for picture
christian boltanski
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TELE 3010: Test 2