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Radio inventors
James Maxwell and Heinrich Hertz showed existence of electromagnetic radiations   - enerygy waves that raveled through space
Marconi
built the first radio transmitter and receiver   - first wireless transmission sent first transatlantic wireless transmission in Dec 1901   - only sent dots and dashes
Reginald Fessenden
built high-speed alternator that allowed for the generation of a continuous radio wave that could be transformed to carry speech
Lee De Forest
invented the Audion, which allowed for the amplification of week radio signals
Radio hold up
legal problems of patents between Marconi and ather companies (G.E., AT&T and Westinghouse) held up the development of radio
World war 1
the government gave control of the radio to the navy for national interests national security concerns prompted gov to nationalize radio and restrict it to wartime communications
RCA
Radio Corporation of America took control of the radio after WW1  made negations between US gov, Marconi company and American corporations
Birth of radio stations
frank conrad and KDKA in pittsburgh created first viable broadcast service
HAMS
large cadre of amateur radio enthusiast several hundred thousand strong by 1912, turned to coast  to coast party lines white, middle-class males 1920's women emerged on the scene forwarded S.O.S. signals boosed HAMS personas
Development of advertising
"toll broadcasting" by 1929, advertisers were spending $20 million on radio advertising 
NBC
led by David Sarnoff set up by RCA in 1926 to seperate the parent company from broadcast operation
CBS
led by William Paley in 1927
Impact of radio
national advertising creation of celebrity culture media and politics   - FDR's fireside chats
Radio Act of 1927
created because of problems with radio interference and competing channels said radio is a national resource, it operates in the public interest and that government censorship is forbidden established the Federal Radio Commission
Communications Act of 1934
replaced the FRC with FCC FCC: Federal Communications Commission
"Golden age of Radio"
between 1930-1950 more stations, bigger audiences from 46% of homes having radios to 97% popular programs like "war of the worlds" by orson welles WW2: acted as a source of news
Sounds of early radio
entertainment   - sci fi drama: dimension x in 1950, NBC
1912 Radio act
licensing of all radio operators put airwaves into separate sections for different types of users amateurs were only allowed to transmit via short wave radio
Media events in early radio
hindenburg crash challenger explosion- 1986 Polly Phelps drowning in well chile miner's rescue, 2010
Radio adjusts to TV in 1050's
decline of radio nets as mass market advertising moved to TV format radio developed: top 40, clssics, DJ and recorded musi ties formed between radio stations and recording industry, helped sell records localization of radio stations to attract local advertisers
1960's radio developments
transistor, 1960's growth of FM; development of niche audiences
Transistor
tiny device that replaced the vacuum tube and allowed for radios to be smaller and mobile
Looking
the social practice of power world organized around visual and spatial cues looking involves relationship of power
Their first murder
by Weegee or Arthur Felig; 1945 different perspective of people looking at a murder scene
Representation
the use of language and images to create meaning
Mimesis
the idea that representations mirror reality implies "reflection" of reality, without any changes like mirror still life paintings of fruits
Studium
Roland Bathers when photo serves a "truth function" another word for mimesis photo is copy of the real word   - documentary evidence in court room
Punctum
Roland Bathes opposite of studium photos are affective or expressive rather than just a object of reflection Robert Frank: trolley in new orleans; 1955
Denotative
images can "denote" truths: objective reality
Connotative
Barthes "connote" culturally and historically specific meanings
Sign
word, image, video coned by Ferdinand de Saussure, a semiotician made up of two parts   - a signifier: word tree   - a signified: the actual tree naturalized: widely known to mean something
Marlboro
signifier: cigarette signified: masculinity sign: Marlboro as masculinity
Icon
an image that has great symbolic meaning
Tiananmen square
1989 icon of political struggle communism in china
Mother and child icons
Madonna by Raphael Migrant mother by Dorothea Lange     - 1936
Modernity
term used to refer to the historical, cultural and political and economic conditions related to the enlightenment movement in the 18th century values of technology, science and rationalism processes of urbanization, industrialization and globalization mass media: modern instituti…
Modernity in America 1920
charlie chaplin, modern times, 1936   - alienation of factory worker model t. ford, 1908
Cities
experience of modernity through architecture and mass media
the Flaneur
an observer of modernity observes modernity by taking part in the visual spectacle of the city   - buildings, window-shopping, media observes with detachment and alienation   - bigger than life 
Lost in translation
shows the flaneur while driving through the city and sitting in hotel overlooking city
Spectatorship
the social practice of looking in modernity spectator: individual who looks specatorship: collective practice of looking doing the wave: everyone takes part
Discourse
Michel foucault, french philosopher  body of knowledge that defines and limits what can be said about something
Discourse in modern medicine
accupuncture: inserting needle to different points can cure diseases   - ridiculous, irrational and no scientific basis
Insanity
madness did not exist till 19th centurey when psychiatry emerged as science defined by rules that govern what can be said and though about insanity at a particular moment in time Rainman scene
Power
Foucault not repressive force but one constructed by discourse   - runs without anyone in charge, not centralized but decentralized and established by institutions
Power in prisons
prison model by panoptican where prinoners are not watched but think they are controlled by belief jeremy bentham applied Foucault's model of power to prisons modern incarnation: surveillance cameras
Power in classrooms
built into the architecture of the room and how knowledge is organized sitting in room where only one person is allowed to stand up and walk around
Power in fashion
fraternity dress: khakis polos, new balance   - all boys dress alike as if there is dress code sorority dress: nike shorts and chacos
Ideology
the concepts, ideas and values in a society that are "naturalized" Foucault: power + discourse= ideology commonsense
Gaze & modernity
the power relationship established in the act of looking in modernity
Gender and gaze
laura mulvey: feminist theorist gaze is masculine/patriarchal in nature operationalizes dqnamics of desire centered on media practices    - advertising, film, tv and print
Global relations and the gaze
Edward said: our ideas about the world are created through binaries orient and occident important in categories in past. how west and east operated orientalism was idea that held this binary in place; not account of past, the orient, but rather the West's cultural construction of th…

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