ANSC 107: FINAL EXAM
70 Cards in this Set
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Rumen
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Large, hollow, muscular compartment which extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis and nearly fills the left side of the abdominal cavity in a large dairy cow
Walls of rumen lined with papillae and secrete no enzymes
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Reticulum (Honeycomb)
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Walls are lined with mucus membrane containing many intersecting ridges which subdivide the surface into a honey-comb like surface
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Abomasum (True Stomach)
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First glandular portion of the ruminant GIT
Essentially the same as the stomach in non-ruminents
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Omasum
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Spherical organ filled with muscular laminae which are studded with short papillae (Surface area)
Functions:
Reduction of particle size
Absorption of water
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Relative volume of ruminant compartment
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Reticulum - 5%
Rumen - 80%
Omasum - 7-8%
Abomasum - 8-9%
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Animal and Feed Conversion ratios
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Cattle 7:1
Sheep 4-6:1
Swine 31/2 :1
Broilers 2:1
Fish 1.1:1
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Rotational crossbreeding
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Combines 2 or more breeds, where a different breed of boar is mated to to a replacement crossbred female produced by the previous generation
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Terminal crossbreeding
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None kept for breeding
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Line breeding
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Mild form where inbreeding is kept low. Keep high genetic relationship.
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Outcrossing
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-Unrelated animals within the same breed are mated
-Gene pairs are primarily heterozygous
-Most popular system
-Animals to be mated are less related than the average breed
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Strain Crossing
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Cross two strains of similar egg production
- Single comb white leghorn
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Species (associated days of gestation)
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equine (mare) -- 340 days
bovine (cow/heifer) -- 283 days
porcine (sow) -- 113 days
ovine (sheep)/caprine (goats) -- 147 days
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Species (scientific name)
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Bovine - cattle
Equine - horses
Porcine - swine
Caprine - goats
Ovine - sheep
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Animal and feed conversion ratio
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A ratio of the amount of feed input it takes to produce a set quantity of animal product output
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Phenotype
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Physical appearance
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Rete testis
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Carries sperm from seminiferous tubules to ducts
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Maternal breeds
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Angus
Hereford
Brahman
Tarentaise
Yorkshire
Leghorn
Rambouillet
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Digestion
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Breakdown of foods
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Insulin
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Regulates blood sugar levels
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Young horse
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Foal, filly, colt
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HACCP
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Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
identifies physical, chemical, and biological hazards in production
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Monogastrics
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One stomach
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Hypertrophy
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Increase in volume of an organ tissue due to enlargement of cells
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Passage rate for ruminants
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96-120 hours (Rumination 6-8 hours a day)
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Meat inspection
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necessary for quality and safety
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Beef quality yield grade factors
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Maturity and marbling
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Yield grading
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Quality denotes eating quality or "palatability" Cut ability refers to leanness or trimness
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Breed associated with porcine stress syndrome
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Pietrain
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Definition: marbling
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Intramuscular fat
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Specie with the highest dressing percentage
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Pork
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Draft horse breeds
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Belgian, Clydesdale
Belgian: Belgium
Clydesdale: Scotland
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Fat soluble vitamins
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A, E, D, K
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Angus
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Cattle breed with largest number of annual registrations
black, naturally polled, moderate size
excellent marbling, early compositional maturity, maternal breed
Originated in Scotland
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Brangus
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Most widespread composite breed
black and naturally polled, moderate size
5/8 Angus and 3/8 Brahman
mothering ability, early sexual maturity, heat tolerance, forage ability
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How an animals matures
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Front to back
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Farrowing
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Sow (pig) act of parturition
So when a pig gives birth*
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Which livestock industry is vertically integrated?
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Poultry
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Various types of feedstuffs
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Roughages(Feed materials low in energy & containing > 18% crude fiber) -
Pasture
Hay
Silage
Straw
Stover
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Quality grades associated with beef
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prime
choice
select
standard
commercial
utility
cutter
canner
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Quality grades associated with lamb
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prime
choice
good
utility
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Yield grade equation for pork
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YG = (4 x LRB thickness) - (1 x MS)
LRB ~ 1.4''
Muscle thickness ~ 1 2 3 (1=thin, 3=thick)
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Yield grade equation for beef
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Adj. fat thickness between 12th & 13th rib , % KPH, ribeye area, carcass weight
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Yield grade equation for lamb
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YG = 0.4 + (10 x Adj. fat thickness)
Adj. fat thickness ~ .3''
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What structure allows for milk to bypass the rumen?
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Esophageal groove
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Define hormone
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Chemical substance that is secreted into the body fluids by one cell or group of cells and has an effect on other cells
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Define AI
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Involves placing semen into the reproductive tract of the female by artificial techniques rather than natural mating.
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Wholesale cuts of beef
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Loin, rib, chuck
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Wholesale cuts of pork
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Loin, boston butt, shoulder
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Wholesale cuts lamb
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Loin, rack, shoulder
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Vulva
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Passage for urine
Receptor for penis during copulation
Passageway for fetus
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Vagina
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Female organ of copulation at mating
Birth canal at parturition
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Cervix
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Passageway for sperm and fetus
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Uterus
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Womb
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Oviduct
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Site of fertilization
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Broad Ligament
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Suspensory support for repro tract
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Infundibulum
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Catches ovum after ovulation
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Ovary
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Produces female sex hormones and female gametes
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Follicle
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Blister like structure on ovary that contains ovum
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Anterior pituitary
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Secretes Follicle stimulating hormone
Induces estrogen production
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Corpus Luteum
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Yellow body forms after ovulation and produces progesterone
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Define embryo transfer
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The movement of pre-implantation embryos from the reproductive tract of the genetic mother (donor) to the reproductive tract of the surrogate mother (recipient)
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Study of essential nature of disease
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Pathology
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Colostrum
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First milk given by mother to newborn. contains high antibody levels (passive immunity)
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Calorie
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The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water through 1 °C
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Breed
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Animals of common origin having characteristics that distinguish them in groups within the same species
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Compensatory growth
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Increased growth rate in response to previous undernourishment
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Hormone related to milk let down
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Oxytocin
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Follicle stimulating hormone
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acts upon ovary and is secreted by anterior pituitary, also induces follicle development, estrogen production, and stimulates spermatogenesis
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Prostaglandin
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Shortens the current estrous cycle starting every animal at the same time
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Progesterone
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Regulates uterine function, often called "the hormone of pregnancy"
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Test 1: Study Guide