Test 1: Study Guide
126 Cards in this Set
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Ad Libitum
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Allowing animals to eat all they want at all times.
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Compensatory Growth
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Increased growth rate in response to previous undernourishment
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Concentrate
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Grains-a feed that is high in energy and digestible nutrients but low in fiber.
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T.D.N.
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total digestible nutrients. Includes total amounts of digestible protein, nitrogen-free extract, fiber, and fat (multiplied by 2.25) all added together. Approximate energy content.
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Grains
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Corn, Barley, milo
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Roughage
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A feed that is high in fiber, low in digestible nutrients, and low in energy. Such feeds as hay, straw, silage, and pasture are examples.
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Fill
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The contents of the digestive tract.
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Estrus or Heat
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The period of mating activity in the female.
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Estrous
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The cycle itself. Time from one heat to the next
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Estrus synchronization
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Controlling the estrous cycle so that a high percentage of the females in the herd express estrus at the same time.
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Gestation Periods: Equine, Porcine, Caprine, Ovine, Bovine
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340, 113, 147, 147, 283
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Haploid
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1/2 the normal number of chromosomes. Found in sperm and ova.
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Anestrous Period
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The time when a female is not in estrus. Highly inheritable.
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Open
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Refers to non-pregnant females
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Fertility
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Lowly inheritable. The capacity to initiate, sustain, and support reproduction.
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Free Martin
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When you have twins...Infertile female, Fertile bull.
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Dystocia
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Difficult birth. Cause: cow not dilating, birthweight
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Dry
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Non-lactating female
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Lactation Period
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Period that female produces milk.
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Libido
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Sex drive of male
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Clone
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An individual grown from a single somatic cell of its parent and genetically identical to it.
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Cull
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To eliminate from the breeding population
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Weaning
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Taking a young animal from it's dam
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Carcass Merit
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The value of a carcass for consumption.
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Dark Cutter
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Color of the lean in the carcass. Has a dark appearance usually caused by stress to the animal prior to slaughter.
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Contemporary Group
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Same sex and breed raised under similar conditions.
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DHIA
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Dairy Herd Improvement Association
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Feeder
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Animals which need no further feeding prior to slaughter.
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Scurs
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Small hornlike tissue attached to the skin of polled or dehorned animals.
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Castration
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Removing testicles
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Spaying
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The removal of the ovaries from the female reproductive tract..in cats and dogs
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Breed
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Animals having a common origin and chars. that distinguish them from other groups within the same species.
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Bovine? Porcine? Equine? Ovine? Caprine?
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cow. pig. horse. lamb. goat.
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Set of environmental constraints animals were bred for?
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Climate, Forage Supply, Specific production goals
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Name the British Breeds
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Hereford, Angus, Shorthorn
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Matching:
Hot, humid
Maternal Traits
Muscularity
Marbling Ability
Cold Winters
Rapid Growth
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Bos Indicus
British
Continental
British
British, Continental
Continental
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Maternal Breeds
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Angus, Hereford, Brahman, Tarentaise, Yorkshire, Leghorn, Rambouillet
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Sire Breeds
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Charolais, Chianina, Limosin, Maine Anjou, Hampshire (pig), White Cornish, Suffolk
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Heterosis
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hybrid vigor. offspring outperform the average of parent breeds.
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Angus
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Scotland, Black, Naturally polled, Excellent Marbling, Largest # of annual registrations in US.
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Hereford
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England, Red with white face, poorest marbling of Brits, 2nd largest annual registrations.
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Shorthorn
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England, Red white or roan,
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Bos Indicus Breeds
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Brahman, Brangus, Beefmaster, Santa Gertrudis
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Brahman
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India, cross of 3 breeds, red and gray, horned, noted for heat tolerance, poor marbling and slow sexual maturity,
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Brangus
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US, 5/8 Angus 3/8 Brahman. Black naturally polled. Most widespread composite breed
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Santa Gertrudis
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US, 5/8 Shorthorn 3/8 Brahman, dark red polled/horned, Developed by Kleburg on King Ranch.
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Beefmaster
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US, Tom Lasater in Falurias. 50% Brahman 25% Shorthorn 25% Hereford. No color patterns. 6 essentials-weight, hardiness, conformation, fertility, disposition, milking ability.
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Continental Breeds
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Charolais, Chianina, Limousin, Texas Longhorn
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Charolais
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France, White
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Chianina
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Italy, Short white hair, Oldest breed, Extremely important for show steer industry
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Limousin
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France, reddish gold, Fastest growing breed in country, 3rd in annual registrations
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Texas Longhorn
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Spain, Lived as feral cattle, DofInterior saved. Light Birthweight
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What species use vertical integration?
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Poultry and Pork
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NSIF NPPC STAGES
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National Swine Improvement Federation, National Pork Producers Council, Swine Testing And Genetics Evaluation System.
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Swine Growth rate
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280 days
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Landrace
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Denmark, drooping ears, white, extra vertebrae
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Yorkshire
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England, Mother breed, white, erect ears, large litters, good feed conversion.
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Duroc
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US, red, droopy ears, fatter than Hamps
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Hampshire
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US, black with white belt around shoulders, erect ears, common in crossbreeding.
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Pietrain
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Belgium, Black/white spotted, erect ears, Stress Positive,
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PSS, PSE,
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Porcine stress syndrome-blotchy skin breathe hard, Pale Soft and Exudative.
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Merino
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Spain, Most dominant breed in the world, very fine fleece,white faced
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Rambouillet
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France, Descended from Merino, Louis XVI developed, dominant range ewe in West and TX. White faced, dual purpose
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Columbia
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US, Developed at US sheep experiment station in Idaho, largest of the crossbred breeds. White faced, polled.
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Dorset
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England, horned/polled, ability to breed out of season, white faced sheep, hot house lambs
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Hampshire Lambs
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England, Ramsey raises these, Sire Breed, Dk brown w/ wool cap, Hamps and Suffolk two most popular sire breeds in commercial sheep production
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Southdown
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England, Oldest sheep breed, Lgt brown face and legs,
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Suffolk
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England, Free of wool on the head and legs, black head nad legs,
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Terminal Cross
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Breeding for meat production. None for replacements.
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Finnsheep
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Finland, Incredible Prolificacy, 3+ babies,..just good moms
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Polypay
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US, synthetic breed from Idaho, 5 goals:^prolificacy, good lamb crop at 1 yr, lamb more frequently, growth rate, carcass quality, will breed out of season. DorsetxTargheeXFinnsheepxRambouillet
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Brown Swiss
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Switzerland, Docile, Brown, Ricola, light muzzle
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Holstein-Friesian
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Netherlands, Chickfila, dominant dairy breed (90%), blk and white, unparalled milking, lowest butterfat %. Not valuable for cheese
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Jersey
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Isle of Jersey, unsurpassed femininity, highest percentage butterfat, w/stand heat, big in texas
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How much lamb eaten per year
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1 lb of lamb by the avg citizen in a year
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Angora
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Turkey, mohair, sheared twice a year, 90% reside in Tx Edwards Plateau, best hair on kids
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South African Boer Goat
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S. Africa, Meat-type, horns, drooping ears, brown head w/ white body
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Alpine
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French Alps, most numerous variety of Alpine in Us, erect ears,
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Spanish Goat
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Spain, refer to goats of mixed breed, horned, colors vary, used for clean up
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Nubian
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Africa, Roman Nose, drooping ears, most popular dairy goat in US, High Butterfat, "Jersey of milk Goats" Don't produce as much milk
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Horse types
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light, draft, ponies
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hand=
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4 inches
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How are you classified pony?
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<14.2 hands
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Light Horses
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Morgan, Standardbred, American Saddlebred, Tennessee Walking, Quarterhorse, Appaloosa..most horses. Imported Arabian and Thoroughbred
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Oldest breed of any livestock
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Arabian horses
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Appaloosa
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Developed in Palouse River, spotted
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Draft Horses
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Belgian, Percheron
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Arabian
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Arabia, blood carried in most lgt horse breeds, endurance, dished head, long arched neck. Solid colors
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American Paint Horse
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US, tobiano & Overo, originally 1/4 horse with too much white. Can also have thoroughbred parent
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Tobiano
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white on topline
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Overo
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Over it..white does not go over back
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American Quarter Horse
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US, saddle horse for 1/4 mile, working cow horse of SW, Wimpy P-1 first registered. Cutting horse-work cows
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Thoroughbred
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England, W/o = for speed at intermediate. 90% trace to Eclipse, run in all shapes and sizes, Secretariat, Northern Dancer, Leading States: Kentucky, Cali, FLorida
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Belgian
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Belgium, 1910-most pop breed. Light Sorrel with flaxen tail, less leg action
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Clydesdale
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Scottland, Budweiser, Lighter weight than percherons. nervous
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Leghorn
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Mediterranean,Single comb, most prolific egg layer. 235 eggs/yr.
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Spent hen
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Hen at the end of the productive cycle
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White Cornish
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England, sire line in broilers, broad breasted, heavily muscled.
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broad breasted white turkey
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emphasized muscularity, growth rate, white feathers
so heavy and muscular, experience structural problems
no longer able to breed naturally
reproduce by AI
Leg Problems
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DDG
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dried distillers grains
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Selection goals
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fertility, weaning weight, cow efficiency, adaptability, quality product produced efficiently
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Cow-Calf
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Cow converts low quality forage to high quality calf, 90% use bulls, efficiency based on lbs of product
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Stocker
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Growing phase after calves weaned, roughage based diets
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Feedlot
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Animals confined and fed high energy diet (concentrate) corn or milo, feed by products keep price down
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Seedstock
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Provides genetics for commercial producer
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Stocker selection factors
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Price, growth potential, health
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Acidosis
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pH drops. Bacteria die. Liver Abssesses
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ADG
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average daily gain
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What steak is preferred
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yield grade 2 low choice
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Factors influencing value
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quality, yield, dressing %
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Difference between farmer and commercial producer?
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<1000 head
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Cactus Feeders
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520,000 head
25,000 head in Argentina
Market over 1 million head per year
20,000 animals/ wk harvested
1:26 eat cactus
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BSE
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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
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leading state in dairy?
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California
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benefits with high production diary areas near population centers
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less transportation, milk-perishable
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What happened in 2008 with the dairy industry?
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Bovine Somatotrophin
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Phase 1
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Peak Lactation, 1st 100 days, when cows need to rebreed..hard due to neg. energy balance
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Phase II
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Mid Lactation, 100-199 days, cows need to rebreed bc production will drop further.
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Phase III
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Tale Enders, 200+ days, Not economically productive, culled unless pregnant with another calf.
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Mastitis
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Inflammation of udder by bacterial infection, #1 cause of economic loss
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Ketosis
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Energy shortage due to metabolic problems (Preg. Diabetes)
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Milk Fever
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Low Blood Calcium causing muscle weakness at calving
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Cow Health Issue?
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Rebreeding difficulties during lactation
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How long is lactation?
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10 months
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calf scours
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caused by bacteria
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pneumonia
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respiratory disease. Prevented by maintaining clean and sanitary conditions and insuring adequate colostrums intake.
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Test 1: Study Guide