Chapter 9 Flashcards
43 Cards in this Set
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feed
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any material that is capable of being digested, absorbed, and utilized (it isnt all utilized)
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lignin
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more lignin in plants as they age -> less digestible. lignin cannot be digested by any living organism
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components of animal feed
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water and dry matter
hay - 10% water
silage (composted live plant matter left to ferment) - 65% water
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water (functions)
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transportation of nutrients and waste, chemical reactions, homeostasis
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water (sources)
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drinking water, water in feed, metabolic water
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factors affecting water intake
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temp (heat stress), feed type, pasture, water quality, stage of production (pregnant, milking, feedlot,...)
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protein
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
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amino acids
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10 essential
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PVT
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most essential (3) amino acids
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methionine
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important amino acid for dairy cows
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leusine
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important amino acid animals need as a supplement
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types of animal protein
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bloodmeal, fishmeal, feathermeal
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UDP/RUP
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undigestible protein/rumen undigestible protein
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lipids
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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fatty acids
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unsaturated - liquid at room temp
saturated - solid at room temp (no double bonds)
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gross energy conversions
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fat - 9.45 kcal/g
carbs - 4.20 kcal/g
protein - 5.65 kcal/g
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volatile fatty acids
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three fatty acids are the end product of carbohydrate digestion in the ruminant, produced by microbial fermentation
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carbohydrates
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
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cellobiose
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sugar in plants
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complex carbs
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cellulose, hemicellulose - hard to break down
lignin - cannot be broken down (digested)
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vitamins
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fat soluble - A, E, D, K
water soluble - B, C
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vitamin a
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found in greens, beta carotene, deficiency can cause night blindness
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vitamin d
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converted from sunlight, deficiency causes rickets and kidney stones
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vitamin e
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protect cells from phagocytosis
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vitamin k
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needed for normal blood clotting
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thiamin
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coenzyme a needed in krebs cycle
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macro minerals
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calcium, potassium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, sulfur, chlorine
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salt
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mature animals consume .25-.5 oz/day, provide free choice
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calcium and phosphorus
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normal ration of 2:1 (ca:p)
forages - low in p high in ca
grains - low in ca high in p
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magnesium
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skeletal maintenance and enzyme systems
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potassium
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low K causes stiffness, grazing animals rarely have a problem
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sulfur
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needed in wool producing animals (angnora goats)
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micro minerals
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iron, iodine, manganese, copper, cobalt, zinc, molybdenum, selenium, chromium
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iodine
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deficiency cause goiter
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copper
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copper toxicity is a major problem in show lambs, causes black/brown animals to turn red
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iron
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deficiency problem in pigs, raised on concrete, low iron = anemia
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selenium
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only USDA regulated mineral, needed for embryonic development, toxic over 3 ppm
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roughages (forages)
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feed materials, low in energy, >18% crude fiber (pasture, hay, silage,...), protein 4-22% (alfalfa - high in protein v. bermuda - low in protein), excluded in swine and poultry rations (only ruminants eat them
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carbonaceous concentrates (grains)
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high in energy, low in fiber, low in protein, includes corn, sorghum, oats, barley, wheat, molasses, animal fats,...
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proteinaceous concentrates
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>20% protein, <20% fiber, relatively high energy, includes soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanut meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, and dried whey
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#1 feed in all animal rations
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corn
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#2 feed in all animal rations
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soybean meal
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protean substitutes
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urea and biuret (non protein nitrogen sources), can only be fed to ruminants (animals with four compartment stomach), urea is 46% nitrogen
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Test 1: Study Guide