NUTR 202: EXAM 3
82 Cards in this Set
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Describe how proposed changes to the nutrition facts label on foods mayimprove sodium and potassium intake
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new actually includes potassium on food label making consumer more aware. percentage of amount you should be having is shown on left side for sodium so it is more obvious
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Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
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systolic- peak pressure generated when the heart contracts and forces blood to move
diastolic- lowest blood pressure reading during cardiac relaxation
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What is the systolic and diastolic blood pressure reading that corresponds toa hypertension diagnosis?
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systolic: greater than or equal to 140
diastolic: greater than or equal to 90
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What minerals influence blood pressure? What are the effects of theseminerals on blood pressure?
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sodium-high amounts may increase risk
potassium- relaxes blood vessels lowering BP
calcium
magnesium
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Describe the DASH diet in your own words.
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dietary approach to preventing or stopping hypertension
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What are the specific mineralsincluded in the DASH diet? In what food groups and/or specific foods would you findeach of these minerals?
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potassium- fruits and veggies
magnesium-whole grains
calcium- low fat dairy
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What are the diet and lifestyle recommendations to improve blood pressureand prevent hypertension?
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lower sodium intake by avoiding processed and fast foods
attain and maintain a healthy body weight
physical activity
stop smoking
alcohol in moderation
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What is the general function of vitamins and minerals (as compared tomacronutrients)?
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not energy yielding, involved in metabolic processes, only assists in providing energy
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Which vitamins are fat soluble vs. water soluble vitamins.
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fat soluble: Vitamin A, D, E, K
water soluble: Vitamin C, thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Pantothenic acid, Pyridoxine, Biotin Folate, Cobalamin
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What are the functions of Vitamin A?
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integrity of epithelial cells
bone growth
reproduction
cell membrane stability
gene regulation
vision
immune function
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What are the differences between preformed vitamin A and provitamin A?
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-preformed is ready to use by the body
-provitamin A has to be converted into the active form of Vitamin A to be used by the body
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Identify dietary sources of preformed vitamin A and provitamin A.
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preformed- animal sources
provitamin- plant sources
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Describe deficiency and toxicity symptoms associated with vitamin A.
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deficiency- xerophthalmia/ nigh blindness and eventually blindness
toxicity- headache, abdominal pain, skin rashes, liver damage, diarrhea, nausea, hair loss, joint pain, bone and muscle soreness
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What is the role of vitamin D in calcium metabolism?
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-stimulates cells of small intestine to produce calbindin which increases calcium absorption
-stimulates kidneys to conserve calcium
-stimulates calcium release from bone to maintain blood calcium levels
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What are potential reasons for increased vitamin D needs in older adults?
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because of their decreased ability to convert vitamin D into its active form and decreased likelihood of adequate exposure to sunlight
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Identify dietary and non-dietary sources of vitamin D
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dietary- fortified foods like cereals, juices, and milk
non-dietary sources- sunlight
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Describe in your own words the synthesis and activation of vitamin D inthe body, including locations of synthesis and activation.
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it stimulates the cells of the small intestine to produce calcium binding protein called calbindin which increases calcium absorption. stimulated the kidneys to conserve calcium also causes the bones to release calcium to help maintain calcium blood levels.
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What chronic condition(s) is/are associated with insufficient vitamin D levels?
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Rickets and osteomalacia in adults
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Other than older adults, what populations are at risk of inadequate vitamin D body stores?
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children and those with little exposure to sunlight
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What are the primary functions of Vitamin E?
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antioxidant, enhances immune function, required for nerve cell development
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What population is at greatest risk for Vitamin E deficiency? Why?
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premature infants and those with malabsorption on fat soluble vitamins
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What are the primary functions of vitamin K?
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blood clotting, synthesis of bone
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What population is at greatest risk for K deficiency? Why?
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newborns because of relatively sterile GI tract at birth and because breast milk is a poor source of vit k
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List the functions of vitamin C.
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acts as antioxidant, synthesis of collagen, facilitates iron absorption in GI
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What condition is caused by Vitamin C deficiency?
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scurvy
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What population group has an increased requirement for Vitamin C?Why?
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smokers, it is used to protect body against damaging compounds like tobacco smoke
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What are 3 dietary sources of Vitamin C?
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red bell peppers, kiwi, brussels sprouts
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Describe the primary deficiency conditions associated with thiamin (B1)
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beriberi
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Describe the primary deficiency conditions associated with niacin (B3)
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pellagra
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Describe the primary deficiency conditions associated with folate (B9)
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macrocytic anemia
neural tube defects: spina bifida, anencephaly
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Describe the primary deficiency conditions associated with vitamin B12
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macrocytic anemia, pernicious anemia
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List the primary functions of vitamin B6,
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synthesis of nonessential amino acids
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List the primary functions of vitamin B12,
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essential in converting folate to active form, maintains myelin sheath
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List the primary functions of folate.
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cell division
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List unique sources of vitamin B12,
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animal-based foods
ready to eat cereals, soy products, supplements
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List unique sources of folate,
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lentils, asparagus, orange juice
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List unique sources of folic acid
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supplements, enriched grains
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List unique sources of biotin.
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liver, gut bacteria, fish, soy beans
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Identify the toxicity condition associated with niacin.
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Niacin flush
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Describe the process of vitamin B12 absorption.
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must be released from dietary protein in the stomach by hydrochloric acid and pepsin. after release is bound by the intrinsic factor which protects it from degradation until absorption in ileum
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When B12 is consumed from food, what must happen first in thestomach so that B12 can eventually be absorbed?
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must be released from dietary protein in the stomach by hydrochloric acid and pepsin
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What protein is required for B12 absorption?
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intrinsic factor
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Identify individuals at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency and describe whythese individuals are at risk.
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genetic defects, aging, and those who have had portions of their stomach removed because of reduced intrinsic factor
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What is the difference between enrichment and fortification?
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enriched- adding back nutrients that were lost while food was prepared
fortified- food products where extra nutrients are added
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List the B vitamins that are added back to processed grains withenrichment.
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thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin
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Describe the differences between macrominerals and microminerals.
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macrominerals are present in greater amounts in body microminerals contribute less than 5 grams of body weight. Trace elements.
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Describe the process of blood calcium regulation when blood calcium becomes low.
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when blood levels drop it stimulates the kidneys to conserve calcium by decreasing urinary excretion. the bones release calcium to help maintain blood calcium levels.
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What are the functions of calcium in the body?
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building and maintenance of bone, allows muscles to contract at the neuron level, hormone regulation, blood clotting, preventing hypertension
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Identify at least 3 good dietary sources of calcium.
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dairy
sardines and salmon is bones are eaten
green leafy veggies
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What are the primary functions of magnesium in the body?
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Component of hydroxyapetite crystals which strengthen bone in DNA and RNA ATP stabilizationFacilitates muscle contraction
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What are the primary functions of phosphorus in the body?
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part of bones and teeth
Facilitates enzyme function
part of ATP for energy
part of DNA and RNA
Phospholipid component
acid-base balance
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What are the primary functions of sulfur in the body?
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part of amino acids methionine and cysteine
key element in glutathione, an antioxidant
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Identify 3 dietary sources of magnesium.
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green leafy veggies, whole grain cereals and breads, legumes
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What is the primary storage form of sulfur in the body?
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In protein as part of certain amino acids
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What minerals are involved with bone health?
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calcium, phosphorous, magnesium, sodium and fluoride
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List 3 modifiable and 3 non-modifiable risk factors for osteoporosis.
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non-modifiable risk factors- female, small frame, older age
modifiable- sedentary lifestyle, diet, low body weight
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What are the risk factors of pre-eclampsia?
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women who are overweight and teens who are pregnant
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What nutrient(s) may help with management of pre-eclampsia?
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calcium
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List dietary and non-dietary factors that affect absorption of minerals.
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X
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Identify the role of iron in the body.
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assists in the delivery of O2 to the tissues and cells and picks up CO2
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List the type of food sources that contain heme vs. non-heme iron.
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heme- meats, fish and poultry
non-heme- plant-based and enriched foods
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When does iron absorption increase?
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when body stores are low
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What factors can increase and what factors decrease iron absorption?
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increase: Vitamin C, eating meat, poultry and fish (MPF factor)
reduce: tannins (coffee, tea), Phytates (whole grains, seeds, nuts and legumes)
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What form of iron is most easily absorbed?
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heme iron
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Identify individuals with increased iron requirements.
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women menstruating and pregnant women
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What is the condition associated with iron toxicity? What is the cause ofthis condition?
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hemochromatosis which is caused when individuals cant regulate amount of iron absorbed and it leads to dangerous levels of build up
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Be able to identify unique functions of zinc in the body
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development of sexual organs and bone growth, alcohol metabolism, antioxidant enzyme factors, DNA replication, immune function, hemoglobin synthesis, blood pressure regulation, insulin release and function, protein synthesis, growth and development
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What factor(s) hinder zinc absorption
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legumes and whole grain cereals- phytates
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what factor(s) enhance zinc absorption?
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meat, fish, and poultry present in diet
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What are two symptoms of zinc toxicity and deficiency
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toxicity: decrease HPl, increase risk of infection
deficiency: deformed bones, poor wound healing
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identify the primary function of copper in the body.
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iron use and incorporation into hemoglobin and RBC's, antioxidant, strengthening collagen, immune defense, synthesis of neurotransmitters, energy production
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What other mineral may hinder copper absorption?
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zinc
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What is the primary role of iodine in the body?
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facilitates production of a hormone in thyroid gland
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What may occur if an individual becomes iodine deficient?
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form goider/ enlarged thyroid
if pregnant- cretinism in infant- stunted height and developmental delays
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List 2 dietary sources of iodine.
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seafood, iodized salt
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What is the primary function of selenium in the human body?
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supports body's antioxidant defense system
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What is the primary function of fluoride in the body?
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strengthens hydroxyapatite crystals in bone and teeth
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Can an individual consume too much fluoride? If so, what condition maydevelop?
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Yes, Fluorosis- causes discoloration and mottling of the teeth
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What population group may be recommended to take a chromiumsupplement? Why might this population take supplemental chromium?
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diabetics to help regulate blood glucose levels because it improves the functioning of insulin
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Identify the leading nutrient deficiency worldwide
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zinc
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What are potential causes of anemia?
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inadequate iron intake
inadequate iron absorption
copper deficiency
blood loss
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List the blood tests used to screen for anemia. Which is the most sensitive tolow iron stores?
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hemoglobin
hemocrit
ferritin- most sensitive to low iron stores
Transferrin saturation
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Nutrition 202 Exam 1 Flashcards