11 17 2015 Ch 9 Vitamins Part 3 Learning Objectives B Vitamins a Discuss the deficiency conditions associated with each individual B vitamin b List the functions of vitamin B6 vitamin B12 and folate c List unique sources of vitamin B12 folate folic acid and biotin Identify toxicity conditions of each B vitamin d 1 Learning Objectives B Vitamins e Discuss the process of vitamin B12 absorption f Identify individuals at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency and describe why individuals are at risk g List the B vitamins that are added back to processed grains with enrichment h List the B vitamins associated with lowering homocysteine levels in the blood Key Terms Macrocytic anemia Pernicious anemia Intrinsic factor Neural tube defects Spina bifida Anencephaly Fortification Enrichment Homocysteine 11 17 2015 2 Vitamin B6 cid 190 Vitamin B6 participates in diverse biochemical reactions cid 190 Key function synthesis of nonessential amino acids cid 190 Other functions Synthesis of glucose and some types of lipids Production of the neurotransmitter serotonin DRIs and Food Sources of Vitamin B6 cid 190 RDA 1 3 mg per day for adults 19 50 yrs of age cid 190 UL 100 mg per day cid 190 Good food sources beef liver meats poultry and salmon baked potatoes bananas and watermelon navy and pinto beans 11 17 2015 3 Vitamin B6 in Selected Foods Serving Size kcalories Food Group Approximate Amount of Vitamin B6 milligrams Food Best Source per kclalorie Bread whole wheat Cornflakes fortified Spaghetti pasta Tortilla flour Broccoli Carrots Potato Tomato juice Banana Orange Strawberries Watermelon 1 oz slice 70 kcal 1 oz 110 kcal c cooked 99 kcal 1 10 round 234 kcal c cooked 22 kcal c shredded raw 24 kcal 1 medium baked w skin 133 kcal c 31 kcal 1 medium raw 109 kcal 1 medium raw 62 kcal c fresh 22 kcal 1 slice 92 kcal 1 c reduced fat 2 121 kcal Milk 1 c low fat 155 kcal Yogurt plain 1 oz 171 kcal Cheddar cheese c low fat 2 101 kcal Cottage cheese c cooked 117 kcal Pinto beans 2 tbs 188 kcal Peanut butter 1 oz dry 165 kcal Sunflower seeds c 76 kcal Tofu soybean curd 3 oz broiled 244 kcal Ground beef lean 3 oz roasted 140 kcal Chicken breast 3 oz 99 kcal Tuna canned in water Egg 1 hard cooked 78 kcal Excellent and sometimes unusual sources Prune juice Bluefish Squash acorn c 137 kcal 3 o z baked 135 kcal c baked 69 kcal Grains Grains Grains Grains Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables Fruits Fruits Fruits Fruits Milk and milk products Milk and milk products Milk and milk products Milk and milk products Legumes nuts seeds Legumes nuts seeds Legumes nuts seeds Legumes nuts seeds Meats poultry seafood Meats poultry seafood Meats poultry seafood Meats poultry seafood Fruits Meats poultry seafood Vegetables 0 05 0 51 0 01 0 03 0 10 0 08 0 42 0 20 0 70 0 08 0 04 0 41 0 10 0 12 0 03 0 09 0 14 0 15 0 24 0 07 0 21 0 52 0 30 0 05 0 42 0 41 0 25 Vitamin B6 Deficiency and Toxicity Deficiency occurs with deficiency of other B vitamins cid 190 Deficiency symptoms are diverse depression dermatitis convulsions weakened immune response cid 190 Toxicity symptoms numb feet loss of sensation in the hands nerve damage that progresses to the inability to walk many of symptoms are not reversible 11 17 2015 4 Folate B9 cid 190 Consumed in two forms 1 Folate 2 Folic acid Affects cid 190 One important function of folate DNA replication requires folate during cell division DRIs for Folate cid 190 Folic acid is easier to absorb than folate Dietary folate equivalent or DFE unit of measure used to represent the conversion of folic acid to folate RDA 400 g DFE per day for adults 19 yrs of age Increased requirements UL 1 mg folic acid per day 11 17 2015 5 Food Sources of Folate cid 190 Dietary sources of folate cid 190 Dietary sources of folic acid Folate in Selected Foods Serving Size kcalories Food Group Approximate Amount of Folate micrograms Food Best Source per kclalorie Bread whole wheat Cornflakes fortified Spaghetti pasta Tortilla flour Broccoli Carrots Potato Tomato juice Banana Orange Strawberries Watermelon 1 oz slice 70 kcal 1 oz 110 kcal c cooked 99 kcal 1 10 round 234 kcal c cooked 22 kcal c shredded raw 24 kcal 1 medium baked w skin 133 kcal c 31 kcal 1 medium raw 109 kcal 1 medium raw 62 kcal c fresh 22 kcal 1 slice 92 kcal 1 c reduced fat 2 121 kcal 1 c low fat 155 kcal 1 oz 171 kcal c low fat 2 101 kcal c cooked 117 kcal 2 tbs 188 kcal 1 oz dry 165 kcal c 76 kcal 3 oz broiled 244 kcal 3 oz roasted 140 kcal Milk Yogurt plain Cheddar cheese Cottage cheese Pinto beans Peanut butter Sunflower seeds Tofu soybean curd Ground beef lean Chicken breast Tuna canned in water 3 oz 99 kcal Egg 1 hard cooked 78 kcal Excellent and sometimes unusual sources Lentils c cooked 115 kcal c cooked 22 kcal Asparagus Orange juice c fresh 84 kcal Grains Grains Grains Grains Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables Fruits Fruits Fruits Fruits Milk and milk products Milk and milk products Milk and milk products Milk and milk products Legumes nuts seeds Legumes nuts seeds Legumes nuts seeds Legumes nuts seeds Meats poultry seafood Meats poultry seafood Meats poultry seafood Meats poultry seafood Legumes nuts seeds Vegetables Fruits 15 100 49 85 40 10 15 38 23 40 15 8 15 25 10 15 158 30 70 55 10 5 5 20 180 130 56 11 17 2015 6 Folate Deficiency cid 190 Inability to synthesize DNA during folate deficiency cid 190 Results in large immature red blood cells that are fewer in number cid 190 Deficiency during pregnancy Failure of spinal cord to close completely Lack of or incomplete development of brain and skull Together these are known as Spina Bifida 11 17 2015 7 11 17 2015 Spina Bifida Anencephaly http www cdc gov ncbddd birthdefects anencephaly html 8 11 17 2015 Decreasing Prevalence of NTDs since Folate Fortification Vitamin B12 cid 190 Vitamin B12 is unique Contains the mineral cobalt as part of its structure Synthesized by bacteria and other microorganisms Stored in body in significant amounts 9 Vitamin B12 cid 190 Functions Essential in converting folate into active form Maintains the insulating lining that covers nerve fibers known as myelin sheath DRIs and Food Sources of Vitamin B12 cid 190 RDA 2 4 g per day for adults cid 190 No UL cid 190 Sources of naturally occurring vitamin B12 Milk cheese meat especially organ meats poultry and seafood Some foods fortified with vitamin B12 11 17 2015 10 Vitamin B12 Absorption cid 190 B12 must be released from dietary protein before it can be absorbed Occurs in the stomach Hydrochloric acid and