Ch 9 Vitamins Learning Objectives 1 Vitamin K a List the primary function s of vitamin K b Identify the population s at greatest risk for K deficiency and discuss why they are at risk 2 Vitamin C a List and describe the functions of vitamin C b Define scurvy and identify symptoms of scurvy c Identify individuals who have an increased requirement for vitamin C d List dietary sources of vitamin C 11 12 15 1 Chapter 9 Learning Objectives 3 B Vitamins a Identify the individual function of each B vitamin and the common function shared by all B vitamins b Discuss the deficiency and toxicity conditions associated with the individual B vitamins c List unique sources of each B vitamin Key Terms Fibrin Scurvy Collagen Coenzyme Beriberi Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome Flushing Pellagra 11 12 15 2 Water soluble and fat soluble vitamins Vitamin K Primary function activates proteins required to make Osteocalcin Also required for synthesis of bone protein 11 12 15 3 Vitamin K and blood clotting DRIs for Vitamin K 11 12 15 4 Vitamin K Deficiency Primary deficiency is rare in adults Population at highest risk for deficiency Due to several factors Other potential risk factor Prolonged antibiotic use Vitamin K Sources Nonfood source Food sources Green vegetables Spinach kale and cruciferous vegetables Green fruits Avocado kiwi Some vegetable oils 11 12 15 5 Vitamin K Content of Selected Foods Water Soluble Vitamins Water soluble vitamins include Less toxic than fat soluble vitamins Adverse effects still possible when taken in large quantities 3x 4x RDA Extreme supplement use Ex using excess vit C supplement to treat cold 11 12 15 6 Vitamin C Also known as Importance in diet noted in sailors in 1800s disease caused by Vitamin C deficiency is characterized by Bleeding gums Tooth loss Poor wound healing Small hemorrhages on skin Scurvy 11 12 15 7 Roles of Vitamin C immune system health Protein that forms connective tissue of tendons bone teeth and skin o Functions of collagen Wound healing Maintenance of blood vessel structure Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C RDA 90 mg per day for males 75 mg per day for females Increased needs for vitamin C used to protect body against damaging compounds in tobacco smoke Require additional 35 mg per day 11 12 15 8 Food Sources of Vitamin C Fruits and vegetables Orange juice best known source Other good sources strawberries sweet potatoes Brussel sprouts Food preparation affects levels in food Vitamin C in Selected Foods Serving Size kcalories Food Group Approximate Amount of Vitamin C milligrams Food Best Source per kclalorie 1 oz slice 70 kcal 1 oz 110 kcal c cooked 99 kcal 1 10 round 234 kcal c cooked 22 kcal c shredded raw 24 kcal 1 medium baked w skin 133 kcal c 31 kcal 1 medium raw 109 kcal 1 medium raw 62 kcal c fresh 22 kcal 1 slice 92 kcal 1 c reduced fat 2 121 kcal 1 c low fat 155 kcal 1 oz 171 kcal c low fat 2 101 kcal c cooked 117 kcal 2 tbs 188 kcal 1 oz dry 165 kcal c 76 kcal 3 oz broiled 244 kcal 3 oz roasted 140 kcal Bread whole wheat Cornflakes fortified Spaghetti pasta Tortilla flour Broccoli Carrots Potato Tomato juice Banana Orange Strawberries Watermelon Milk Yogurt plain Cheddar cheese Cottage cheese Pinto beans Peanut butter Sunflower seeds Tofu soybean curd Ground beef lean Chicken breast Tuna canned in water 3 oz 99 kcal Egg 1 hard cooked 78 kcal Excellent and sometimes unusual sources Red bell pepper Kiwi Brussels sprouts c raw chopped 20 kcal 1 46 kcal c cooked 30 kcal Grains Grains Grains Grains Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables Fruits Fruits Fruits Fruits Milk and milk products Milk and milk products Milk and milk products Milk and milk products Legumes nuts seeds Legumes nuts seeds Legumes nuts seeds Legumes nuts seeds Meats poultry seafood Meats poultry seafood Meats poultry seafood Meats poultry seafood Vegetables Fruits Vegetables 0 0 0 0 58 5 15 33 11 70 41 28 3 2 0 0 2 0 5 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 90 74 47 11 12 15 9 Vitamin C Deficiency Severe deficiency Improper formation of collagen due to poor iron absorption Signs of deficiency include Loss of appetite Impaired growth Weakness Symptoms of Vitamin C Deficiency 11 12 15 10 Symptoms of Vitamin C Deficiency Scorbutic Rosary Vitamin C Toxicity UL 2 000 mg per day Supplementing at greater than 1 000 mg per day diarrhea and bloating 11 12 15 11 B Vitamins B vitamins include Thiamin B1 Riboflavin B2 Niacin B3 Vitamin B6 Folate Vitamin B12 Pantothenic acid Biotin Common function of all B vitamins assist enzymes with energy release without coenzyme enzyme cannot function The role of coenzymes in biochemical reactions 11 12 15 12 Thiamin B1 First individual B vitamin identified Part of coenzyme thiamin pyrophosphate TPP Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA Kreb s cycle Assists in function of nerve and muscle cell activity Dietary Reference Intakes and Food Sources for Thiamin RDA 1 2 mg per day for males 1 1 mg per day females No UL no adverse effects observed with excess consumption Food sources Pork whole grains fortified breakfast cereals enriched grains peanuts 11 12 15 13 Thiamin in Selected Foods Food Best Source per kclalorie Serving Size kcalories Food Group Approximate Amount of Thiamin milligrams 1 oz slice 70 kcal 1 oz 110 kcal c cooked 99 kcal 1 10 round 234 kcal c cooked 22 kcal c shredded raw 24 kcal 1 medium baked w skin 133 kcal c 31 kcal 1 medium raw 109 kcal 1 medium raw 62 kcal c fresh 22 kcal 1 slice 92 kcal 1 c reduced fat 2 121 kcal 1 c low fat 155 kcal 1 oz 171 kcal c low fat 2 101 kcal c cooked 117 kcal 2 tbs 188 kcal 1 oz dry 165 kcal c 76 kcal 3 oz broiled 244 kcal 3 oz roasted 140 kcal Bread whole wheat Cornflakes fortified Spaghetti pasta Tortilla flour Broccoli Carrots Potato Tomato juice Banana Orange Strawberries Watermelon Milk Yogurt plain Cheddar cheese Cottage cheese Pinto beans Peanut butter Sunflower seeds Tofu soybean curd Ground beef lean Chicken breast Tuna canned in water 3 oz 99 kcal Egg 1 hard cooked 78 kcal Excellent and sometimes unusual sources 3 oz broiled 169 kcal Pork chop lean 1 c 81 kcal Soy milk Squash acorn c baked 69 kcal Grains Grains Grains Grains Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables Vegetables Fruits Fruits Fruits Fruits Milk and milk products Milk and milk products Milk and milk products Milk and milk products Legumes nuts seeds Legumes nuts seeds Legumes nuts seeds Legumes nuts seeds Meats poultry seafood Meats poultry seafood Meats poultry seafood Meats poultry seafood Meats poultry seafood Legumes nuts seeds Vegetables 0 10 0 35