NUTR 202 Lecture 1 Outline of Current Lecture I. How to study for testsII. Nutrition TermsIII. Chemicalsa. Phytochemicalsb. Zoochemicals IV. Functional FoodsV. Nutrient Density vs. Energy Density VI. Influences of food choiceVII. Nutrients a. FunctionsVIII. Macronutrients and micronutrients IX. Parts of nutritionX. Classes of Nutrientsa. Macronutrientsi. Carbohydratesii. Lipidsiii. Proteinb. Micronutrients i. WaterXI. Malnutritiona. Causes of death XII. Diet and Healtha. Genetics and lifestyleb. Choosing a Healthy DietCurrent LectureHow to study for tests*Look at and read all pictures in the book *Review the learning objectives of each class before an exam Nutrition Terms*Nutrition is a science that studies how nutrients and compounds in foods we eat affect the body’s functions and healthSubstances in food that provide energy, structure to the body, and regulate processes within the body are nutrients Essential nutrients: must be provided by diet (can’t be produced in the body or not enough)Energy is measured in Calories or kcalories (kcal)Fortified foods- foods which one or more nutrients have been addedWhy? –Some mandated to prevent deficiencies; Others products done voluntarily to sell food ex: Milk has added vitamin D due to bone deficiency. Chemicals Non-nutrient substance in food thought to be beneficial to the human bodyPhytochemicalsFound in plant-based foodsZoochemicalsFound in animal-based foodsMay have health-promoting benefitsMany are derived from pigment in foodFunctional FoodsFunctional foods: provide health benefits beyond functions of nutrientsExamples: Broccoli prevents cancer; oatmeal lowers cholesterol; Salmon prevents heart diseaseNutrient Density vs. Energy DensityEnergy dense food- soda vs. Nutrient dense food-appleInfluences of food choiceWhat influences food choices?Taste*, Smell, Appearance, Texture, Culture, Reward/punishment, Geography/season/economics, Attitudes/beliefs, comfort/emotions, social gatheringsNutrientsSix classes of nutrients divided into: Macronutrients- needed in larger amounts in diet (Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, water)Micronutrients- needed in lesser amounts (Vitamins, minerals)-Nutrient functions-Energy (calories)-StructuresBones, hair, skinProtein and water in musclesCell membranes and shape-Regulate body processesBody temperatureBlood pressureHormones and cell communicationSpeed up reactionsMacronutrients and Micronutrients: Macronutrients are needed in large amountsCarbs- provides energyLipids- provides energyProtein- provides energyWaterThe first 3 provide energy (calories); also known as energy-yielding nutrientsParts of NutritionCalorie Calorie= kilocalorie (kcal)= 1000 caloriesMeasure of energy in foodProteins and carbs:4 Calories/gram (kcal/g)Fat:9 Calories/gram Alcohol:7 Calories/gram (not a nutrient)Classes of NutrientsMacronutrientsLipids- commonly known as fatsIncludes cholesterol Contains same molecules as carbohydratesHydrophobic- doesn’t dissolve in waterFunctions: Major source of energy (9 kcal/g)StructureRegulationProtein- Contains: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogenPredominately found in animal-based productsFunctions:Does provide energy (4 kcal/g)StructureRegulationTransportMicronutrients- provide no energy but are necessary for proper functioning of the Body- vitamins and minerals-Required in small amounts in diet, but are important for good healthFunctions:RegulationMinerals provide structureWater-Water is an essential nutrientFunctions of water:Structure Regulator of body temperature MalnutritionDefinition: Energy or nutrient intake that is either too high or too low relative to your needsToo much of a nutrient or nutrients or calories: overnutrition ex: iron toxicity, liver damage, obesityToo little of a nutrient or nutrients or calories: undernutritionex: osteoporosis, scurvy, dehydrationCurrent issue in US and worldwide is overnutrition *Top 10 causes of death in US4 of the 10 are related to nutritionDiabetes StrokeCancer (number 2 cause)Heart Disease (number 1 cause)Diet and HealthDiet can impact health, increasing risk of developing chronic diseasesOsteoporosisDiabetesHeart disease and strokeCancerGenetics and Lifestyle: Nutritional Genomics or Nutrigenomics Your actual risk of disease results from the interplay between the genes you inherit and the diet and lifestyle choices you makeChoosing a Healthy Diet:For a healthy diet include:VarietyEating food from different food groups every dayBalanceAll foods fit, as long as you balance unhealthy foods with healthy foodsCalories from what you eat= calories you expendModerationFoods to consume in moderation are those high in: fat, calories, added sugar, sodium,