NUTR 202: EXAM 1
92 Cards in this Set
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How do we define nutrition?
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Interaction of nutrients and the body's function and health
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Nutrient
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Substance the body requires for energy, regulation of body processes, and structure
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Essential Nutrient
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Must be acquired through diet (Body is unable to make an adequate amount)
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Non essential nutrient
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Can be made in adequate amounts by the body
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Calorie
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scientific unit to measure energy (actually kilocalories in body)
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Carbs provide ___ kcal/gram
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4 kcal per gram
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Fat provides ___ kcal per gram
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9 kcal per gram
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Protein provides ___ kcal per gram
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4 kcal per gram
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Primary function of carbs
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Energy
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Primary function of fats
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Energy, structure, and regulation
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Primary function of proteins
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Repair, growth, and maintenance of tissues
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Carbs are composed of (what atoms)?
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Oxygen, carbon, and hydrogen
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Fats are composed of (what atoms)?
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Oxygen, carbon, and twice as many hydrogens
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Proteins are composed of (what atoms)?
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Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and NITROGEN
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Examples of fats
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Sterols, triglycerides, phospholipids
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Examples of carbs
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Sugars, starches, fiber
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Metabolism
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Biochemical activity that occurs in cells, releasing energy from nutrients or using energy to create other substances such as proteins
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Function of Vitamins and Minerals
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Help macronutrients release their energy
Can also provide structure (calcium in bones)
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2 types of vitamins
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Fat soluble and water soluble
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Are vitamins organic or inorganic?
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Organic
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Are minerals organic or inorganic?
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Inorganic
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What are the 2 groups of minerals?
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Macromineral (more than 100mg/day)
Micromineral (less than 100mg/day)
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Electrolyte
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Macromineral that assumes a charge when dissolved in water
sodium, chlorine, and potassium
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Alcohol provides ___ kcal per gram
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7 kcal per gram
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Malnutrition
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Poor nutrition status; imbalance of nutrients in the body
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Undernutrition
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Inadequate amounts of specific nutrients
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Overnutrition
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Excess of a specific nutrient
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Examples of diseases linked to nutrition
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Osteoporosis, diverticulosis, diabetes, heart disease, obesity, cancer
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4 of the top 10 killers linked to diet are:
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Heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes
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4 of the top 10 killers linked to diet are:
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Heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes
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Causes of undernutrition
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Pregnancy, lactating, women and children have increased requirements due to growth
overpopulation, limited access to food, and civil conflict
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Fortified foods
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Foods with nutrients added to them
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Enriched foods
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Nutrients added back into foods after processing
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Original purpose of RDAs
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Set at a specific level to maintain health and prevent deficiencies
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EAR
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Estimated Average Requirement
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AI
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Adequate Intake
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UL
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Tolerable Upper Intake Level
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What is EER
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Estimated Energy Requirement
How many calories a person should consume in a day
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What is AMDR
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Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range
Daily amount of calories from carbs, fats, and proteins
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AMDR for Protein
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10-35%
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AMDR for carbs
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45-65%
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AMDR for fat
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20-35%
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What does MyPlate do?
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Daily plan for food intake
Emphasizes variety, moderation, and balance
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3 Different types of claims on food labels
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Health claims
Nutrient content claims
Structure/Function claims
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Health claims
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Statement about product that links an ingredient/nutrient to reduced risk of disease
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Nutrient content claim
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Describes the level of a nutrient in a food
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Structure/Function Claim
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Describes association between a nutrient and food component and the structure or function of the body
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What defines a simple carb?
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Less than 10 monosaccharide units
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What defines a complex carb?
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More than 10 monosaccharide units
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List monosaccharides
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Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
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List Disaccharides
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Sucrose
Maltose
Galactose
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What is Lactose made up of?
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Galactose and Glucose
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What is Sucrose made up of?
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Glucose and Fructose
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What is Maltose made up of?
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Glucose and Glucose
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Storage form of carbs found in the muscle and liver of animals
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Glycogen
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Minimum carb intake to spare protein and avoid ketosis
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130g/day
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Gluconeogenesis
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Synthesis of a new glucose from a non-carb source
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Fats, carbs, and proteins can be broken down into a compound called ___
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Acetyl CoA
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Chemical to fully breakdown fats, this chemical is needed
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Oxaloacetate
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Normal blood glucose levels
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70-99 mg/dL
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Glycemic Inex
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Strictly a comparison of individual foods, not a mixture of foods
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Glycemic load
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Low glycemic index foods believed to help with weight loss
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Inability of thew body to regulate blood glucose levels within normal limits
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Type 1 Diabetes
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Autoimmune disease where the body attacks cells in pancreas and prevent insulin production
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Type 2 Diabetes
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Insulin resistance
90% of all cases
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Gestational Diabetes
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Occurs in women during pregnancy
Can cause high birth weight, illness/death, higher chance of DM later in life, and low glucose levels after delivery
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What races have a higher susceptibility towards gestational diabetes?
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Native Americans and Hispanics
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Fiber is mostly composed of
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polysaccharides
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2 types of fiber:
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Soluble and Insoluble
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Soluble fiber:
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Jelly-like material that acts like cement in plants
Binds to bile in lower intestine
Can lower LDL
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Insoluble Fiber:
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May soften stools and accelerate GI tract
Cereals and whole grains
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Overall health benefits of fiber
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Bowel regularity
Hemorrhoids
Diverticulosis
Reduced Heart Disease
Improves blood glucose levels
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Resistant Starch
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Starch escapes digestion but isnt classified as dietary fiber
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Which resistant starches improve gut health?
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R2 and R3
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R1 resistant starch
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Most non-digestible
Found in seeds, unprocessed whole grains, and legumes
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R2 Resistant starch
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Granular; found in uncooked potatoes and green banana flowers
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R3 reistant starch
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Created by cooking then rapidly cooling high starch foods
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R4 resistant starch
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Chemically synthesized
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Overconsumption of fiber can cause decreased absorption of what minerals?
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Calcium, copper, zinc, iron
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Definition of a lipid
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Substances that are insoluble in water, but soluble, but soluble in organic solvents such as ether, acetone, and chloroform
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Variety of lipids that influence human health
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Fatty acids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Sterols such as cholesterol
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Carboxyl fatty acids are hydro(philic or phobic?
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Hydrophilic
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Mathyl fatty acids are hydro(philic or phobic?)
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Hydrophobic
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What is Linoleic acid?
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Omega-6
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What is Linolenic acid?
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Omega-3
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What is the primary form of lipid found in food and in the body?
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Triglyceride
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Examples of sterols that are vital to health and basic metabolic functions
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Testosterone, estrogen, vitamin D
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Daily recommend amount of cholesterol
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300mg
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Chylomicrons
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Lipoproteins that transport fats to the liver
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VLDLs
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transport triglycerides to tissues
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LDLs
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Deliver cholesterols to tissues
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HDLs
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Remove excess cholesterol from cells and take them to the lover for breakdown and elimination
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Nutrition 202 Exam 1 Flashcards