SLHS 1150: QUIZ 2
55 Cards in this Set
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period
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amount of time it takes to complete 1 cycle (1/freq)
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instantaneous amplitude
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any measurement along wave
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peak amplitude
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most often used, from crest to crest or trough to trough
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intensity
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magnitude or strength of a sound
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0 dB=
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20 micro pascals, meaning there is sound at 0 dB
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simple sound
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one straight sound, simple tone
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complex sound
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periodic or aperiodic
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periodic sound (complex)
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repeat over time (ex. metronome, vowel)
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aperiodic sound (complex)
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very random (ex. noise, consonant)
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behavioral testing
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requires response from patient (typically tests 3 years and older)
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case history (1)
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identify perception of problem, medical history, primary reason for referral
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other interviews and observation (2)
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used to understand needs and strengths, parental and prior professional input
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otoscopy (3)
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detect abnormalities of outer and middle ear (up to TM) through magnifying light
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pure tone audiometry (4)
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behavioral test, see configuration of hearing loss, (air and bone)
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air conduction
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sound waves pass along auditory canal, then mechanical energy through middle-ear space, tests middle and outer ear
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bone conduction
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provides info on the functioning of the cochlea and auditory nerve by vibrating cochlea, tests inner ear
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air-bone gap
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difference between bone (cochlea) and air conduction thresholds
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immitance
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flow of acoustic energy through middle ear
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admittance
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forward flow of energy
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impedance
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energy opposing flow
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tympanometry
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tests middle ear, examines tympanic movements or vibrations, nonbehavioral
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otoacoustics emissions
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nonbehavioral, quick, sounds produced by cochlea in response to sound stimulation (echo)
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auditory equipment
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audiometer, otoscope, transducers, audiogram
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audiogram
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plots frquency levels, determines hearing loss, visual representation
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decibel ranges
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25-40 (mild), 40-55 (moderate), 55-70 (moderate-severe), 70-90 (severe), 90+ profound
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Screening (audiological testing)
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quick, inexpensive, takes less time
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comprehensive (audiological testing)
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expensive, takes a long time
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conductive hearing loss
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outer middle, can change over time
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sensorineural hearing loss
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cochlea, cannot reverse
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retrocochlear hearing loss
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beyond the cochlea (auditory nerve)
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normal hearing loss ranges
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adults 0-25 dBHL, children 0-15 dBHL, seniors 40+ dBHL
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birth to 3 months (hearing milestones)
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jumps for sudden sound, recognizes voice and quiets when speaks
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3-6 months (hearing milestones)
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turns eyes towards interesting sound, appears to listen
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6-12 months (hearing milestones)
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turns head towards sound, understands no and bye-bye, begins to imitate speech sounds
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newborn hearing screenings
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auditory brainstem response (ABR) and otoacoustic emissions (both non behavioral)
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etiology
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where it (hearing loss) comes from (ex. prematurity, maternal diabetes, prenatal)
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congenital hearing loss
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present at birth (genetic and hereditary cover 50%)
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acquired hearing loss
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appears after birth (ear infections, diseases, ototoxic drugs, perforation of TM)
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otitis media
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ear infection (increased fluid in middle ear), most common acquired HL, more common in boys, higher incidence with large households and family history
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tympanosclerosis
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scarring of the TM (after trauma)
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Why do kids get more ear infections?
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Eustachian tube is more horizontal and smaller, easier for bacteria to enter, poor fluid drainage from middle ear
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Behavioral signs of otitis media
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inattentiveness, waning TV louder, misunderstanding directions, irritability, pulling or scratching at the ears
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lasting impact of otitis media
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auditory and learning disabilities can develop, can interfere with speech and language disorders
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acoustics
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study of sound
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sound
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vibratory energy transmitted by pressure waves through a medium (physical)
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hearing
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perception of sound (physiological)
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Anatomy of outer ear
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pinna-filters sound
canal-lined with silia hairs, earwax, protects TM, and resonator
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more vibration of the TM=
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higher intensity
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higher speed of vibration of the TM=
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higher freq
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Anatomy of the middle ear (acoustical-->mechanical)
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air filled
ossicular chain- malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), stapes (stirrup)
windows- Oval and round
Eustachian tube
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Anatomy of the inner ear
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vestibule
semicircular canals
cochlea-fluid filled, snail shape, basilar membrane, organ of corti
bony labyrinth
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organ of corti
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auditory sensory cells (hair cells, actually hear)
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Why are there 3 ossicles?
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to dampen loud sounds (impede)
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auditory nerve
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cranial nerve VIII, transmits electrical sound signal from cochlea to brainstem
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tonotopically organized
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arranged by frquency, apex= low freq, base=high freq (cochlea, basilar membrane, central auditory nervous system)
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SLHS 1150: QUIZ 2