BIO 1150: PROTISTS
46 Cards in this Set
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Protists Basic
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Kingdom:protista
eukaryotes (organisms that have cells with nuclei).
live anywhere there is moisture
3 major kinds: Plant-like, Animal-like, Fungus-Like.
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Protists Specific
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Protists are eukaryotes, have organelles and are more complex than prokaryotes
Most are unicellular, but there aresome colonial and multicellularspecies
They exhibit more structural and functional diversity than any other group of eukaryotes
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Types of Protists
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Photoautotrophs
whichcontain chloroplasts
Heterotrophs
absorborganic molecules or ingest larger food particles
Mixotrophs
Usea mixture of both feeding modes
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Endosymbiosis
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Theory that free-living prokaryotic cells engulfed other free-living prokaryotic cells billions of years ago, forming eukaryotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
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Endosymbosis Definition
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—The process in which a unicellularorganism engulfs another cell, which then becomes a permanent symbiont.
—Mitochondria
—aerobicprokaryote
—Plastids
—photosyntheticcyanobacterium
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Five Supergroupsof Eukaryotes
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—Excavata
—Chromalveolata
—Rhizaria
—Archaeplastida
—Unikonta
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Supergroup Excavate's
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Modified Mitochondria
Unique Flagella
Cytoskeleton
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Excavate Clades:
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Diplomonads
Parabasalids
Euglenozoans
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Diplomonads
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have modified mitochondria called mitosomes
Lack Plastids
Live in a Anaerobic enviroment
have two equal sized nuclei and multiple flagells, are often parasites
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Parabasalids
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—Havereduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomesthat generate some energy anaerobically
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Example of Parabasilid
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Trichomonas vaginalis
Causes Yeast Infections in Women
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Euglenozoans
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Clade of Excavata
—Includes predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, and parasites
—The main feature distinguishing them as a clade is a spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function inside their flagella
—This clade includes the kinetoplastids and euglenids
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Kinetoplastids
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Clade of Euglenozoans
Havea single mitochondrion with an organized mass of DNA called a kinetoplast
Includefree-living consumers of prokaryotes in freshwater, marine, and moistterrestrial ecosystems
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Examples of Kinetoplastids
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Trypanosoma
a kinetoplastidthat causes sleeping sickness in humans
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Euglenids
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domain: eukarya
taxon: euglenzoa
group: euglenids
2 flagella
pellicle: protein layer used to alter cell shape
autotrophic/ heterotrophic
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Chromalveolates (Supergroup)
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domain: eukarya
taxon: euglenzoa
group: euglenids
2 flagella
pellicle: protein layer used to alter cell shape
autotrophic/ heterotrophic
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Alveolates
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structurally have membrane-bounded sacs (alveoli) under the plasma membrane
dinoflagellates (group of flagellates )
apicomplexans (group of parasites)
ciliates (group of protists)
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Dinoflagellates
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Have two flagella and each cell isreinforced by cellulose plates
Abundant components ofphytoplankton
A diverse group of aquatic phototrophs,mixotrophs,and heterotrophs
Are responsible for Toxic Red Tides.
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Apicomplexans
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Parasites of animals; spreadthrough host as infectious cells called sporozoites
The apex contains a complex oforganelles specialized for penetrating host cells and tissues
Most have sexual and asexual stages that require two or more different host species
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Ciliates
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Use cilia to move and feed; havelarge macronuclei and small micronuclei
Genetic variation results from conjugation, inwhich two individuals exchange haploid micronuclei
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Paramecium
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The classic Ciliate
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Stramenopiles
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Class of important phototrophs and also clades of autotrophs
MUST have hairy and smooth flagellum
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Stramenoplis Examples
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Diatoms
golden algae
brown algae
and oomycetes
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diatoms
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unicellular algae with a uniquetwo-part, glass-like wall of hydrated silica
usually reproduce asexually, andoccasionally sexually
Many dead diatoms fall to the oceanfloor undecomposed,“pumping” carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to the ocean floor
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golden algae
(stramenopiles, chromalveolata)
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- yellow & brown carotenoids
- biflagellated
- all photosynthetic, some heterotrophic
- most unicellular, some colonial
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Brown Algae
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largest and most complex algae
All are multicellular,and most are marine
Include many species commonlycalled “seaweeds”
Have the most complex multicellularanatomy of all algae
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Alterations of Generations 1
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the alternation of multicellularhaploid and diploid forms
—heteromorphicgenerations are structurally different, while isomorphicgenerationslook similar
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Alterations of Generations 2
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The diploid sporophyteproduces haploid flagellated zoospores
Zoospores develop into haploid maleand female gametophytes, which produce gametes
Fertilization of gametes results ina diploid zygote, which grows into a new sporophyte
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Oomycetes
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water molds, white rusts, mildew
Decomposers or Parasites with filaments for nutrient uptake
Great ecological impact. Ex: Potato Blight
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Supergroup Rhizaria
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—DNA evidence supports Rhizaria as a monophyletic clade
—Amoebasmove and feed by pseudopodia;some but not all belong to the clade Rhizaria
—Rhizariansinclude radiolarians, forams, and cercozoans
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Radiolarians
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Has shells fused together by silica
Engulfs micro-organisms with the pseudopdia.
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pseudopodia
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a "false foot" that causes movement or used to capture food
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Foraminiferans
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Names after its multichambered, porous shells.
False feet come out of the pores
Many have endosymbiotic algae.
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Cercozoans
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include most amoeboid and flagellated protists with threadlike psuedopodia
common in marine, freshwater, and soil ecosystems
most are heterotrophs, including parasites and predators
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Supergroup Archaeplastida
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heterotrophic protist
Incudes red algae, green algae, land plants
Ate a cyanobacterial endosymbiont
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Red Algae
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red pigment caused by phycoerythrin
Color changes depending on water depth
most abundant algae in warm coastal waters of tropical oceans
Usually mutlicellular
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Green Algae
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Two main groups: —chlorophytesand charophyceans
Charophytes are the closest thing to land plants
while chlorophytes are mostly found in Fresh water (some in marine areas, and damp areas as part of lichens)
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Evolution of Chlorophytes
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Colonies formed from individual cells
Using cell division and differentiation they formed real mutlicellular bodies
Repeatedly divided nulcei
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Supergroup Unikonta
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Made up of Animals, fungi, and some protists
Includes amoebozoans and opisthokonts
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Amoebozoa
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Clade of Unikonta
Includes Slime Molds, gymnamoebas, and entamoebas
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Slime Molds
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Once thought to be fungi
Two Forms: Plasmodial and Cellular
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Plasmodial Slime Molds
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Usually bright yellow or orange.
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Cellular Slime Molds
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Cells condense so that they are only separated by their membranes
Feed individually though
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Gymnamoebas
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Eat bacteria and protists
Similar to amoebozoans.
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Entamoebas
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Parasites of vertebrates and invertebrates
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Opisthokonts
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A group of animals, fungi, and some protists that use only one flagella to move.
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BIO 1150: HISTORY OF LIFE