BIOL 1442:Chap 40-46
80 Cards in this Set
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Amount of material that must be exchanged to sustain life is..?
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proportional to volume
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rates of exchange for nutrients, waste products, gases areproportional to..?
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membrane surface area
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single and double celled organisms exchange with their environment through..?
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diffusion
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as a cell increases in size, the surface area:volume ratio ___________.
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decreases
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skin protection against mechanical injury, pathogen, prevents fluid loss is known as?
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epithelial tussue
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cuboidal, columnar,squamous shapes are all ??? tissue?
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epithelial
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epithelial tissue that isone cell thick?
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simple
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epithelial tissue that islayered cells?
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Stratified
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epithelial tissue thatlooks layered, but its one cell thick?
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pseudostratified
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Epithelial tissue it polar. What are the names of both sides?
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apical & basal side
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Dice shaped, specialized for secretion
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Cuboidal
epithelium
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Lines the intestines, secretion & absorbion
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Simple
columnar
epithelium
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Forms mucous membranes, Rs tract
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Pseudostratified
ciliated
columnar
epithelium
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Skin, line esophagus, divide rapidly
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Stratified
squamous
epithelium
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Thin, exchange of materials by diffusion, lines blood vessels, air sacs in lungs
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Simple
squamous
epithelium
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binds & supports other tissues; cells in extracellular matrix (ECM).
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Connective Tissue
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—Loose connective tissue
—Cartilage
—Fibrous connective tissue
—Adipose tissue
—Blood
—Bone
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connective tissue (vertebrates)
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Made of collagen andprovide strength & flexibility
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Collagenous fibers
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Made of elastin andstretch & snap back to their original length
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Elastic fibers
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Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues and are made of very thin & branched collagen
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Reticular fibers
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Fibroblasts, Macrophages are two major cell types found in?
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connective tissue
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Most widespread in body and contains all 3 fibers:
collagenous, elastic, reticular.
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Loose Connective Tissue
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tissue found in tendons &ligaments?
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Fibrous connective tissue
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tissue involved in voluntary movement(striated).
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skeletal muscle
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involved in involuntary body activities
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smooth muscle
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tissue involved incontraction of the heart
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Cardiac muscle
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Contractile units (sarcomeres) along fibers, striated appearance
Muscles only enlarge, they do not divide.
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skeletal muscle
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Lacks striations, found in walls of digestive tract, bladder, responsible for involuntary movements
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smooth muscle
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Forms contractile wall of heart, striated, contracts heart
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cardiac muscle
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an organism thatgenerate heat by metabolism
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endoderm
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an organism that gain heat from external sources
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ectoderm
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A source of heat for thermoregulation of Birds & mammals that is more "expensive."
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endodermic
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Most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, non-avian reptilesthermoregulate by..?
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ectodermic means
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endotherm metabolic rate at rest at a “comfortable” temperature
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Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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ectotherm metabolic rate at rest at a specific temperature
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Standard metabolic rate (SMR)
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stimulates production of gastric juices in stomach?
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gastrin
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Chemical digestion aided by churning action is the function of..?
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the stomach
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what prevent chyme from entering back into esophagus & regulate its entry into the small intestine?
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sphincters
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Chief cells secrete (stomach)
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pepsinogen
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Parietal cells secrete(stomach)
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H+ and Cl- separately
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HCl forms in the stomach luman & converts..?
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pepsinogen > pepsin
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What acts as positive feedback on chief cells?
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pepsinogen > pepsin (+) conversion.
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pepsin is + feedback on chief cells to secrete..?
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pepsinogen
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What secreted from parietal cells converts pepsinogen > pepsin? (stomach)
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HCL
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trypsin & chymotrypsin are enzymes in the..?
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pancreas
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—bicarbonate & enzymes produced from the pancreas act as..?
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a buffer
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—Bile is made in the ???& stored in the ???
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liver & gallbladder
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Digestion of fats & other lipids begin within the..? (relies on bile)
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small intestine
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Most digestion occurs in the..? (small intestine)
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duodenum
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Jejunum & ileumfunction mainly in absorption of nutrients and..? (small intestine)
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water
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epithelial lining of the duodenum
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brush border
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inhibit peristalsis & acid secretion, slow digestion in Duodenum
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Secretin & CCK
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stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate inDuodenum
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Secretin
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within the duodenum and is responsible for stimulating the digestionof fat and protein.stimulates pancreas, bile from gallbladder.
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CCK
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buffer for chyme secreted by the pancreas?
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bicarbonate
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—break down proteins secreted by the pancreas?
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Trypsin/chymotrypsin
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stored in gallbladder, salts that breaks down lipids
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Bile
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what stimulates the release ofTrypsin/chymotrypsin from the pancreas?
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CCK
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longest section of alimentary canal.Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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Small intestine
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1st portion of small intestine, where chymemixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine
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Duodenum
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?..pass directly into bloodstream through capillaries & veins
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Amino acids & sugars
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Colon, cecum, rectumrecover water that has entered the alimentary canal as solvent of digestive juices
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Large intestine
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aids in fermentation of plant material, connects where small & large intestines meet
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Cecum
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extension of cecum in humans, plays minor role in immunity
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Appendix
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the path ??? and ??? the heart:
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to & from: Arteries-> arterioles->capillaries->venules->veins
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why does diffusion occur in the capillaries?
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1 cell thick; surface area
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They are the large veins that return deoxygenatedblood from the body, into the heart. They both empty into the right atrium
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vena cava
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valves, which are in the arteries leaving the heart, are the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve.
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semilunar valves
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amount of blood pumped by ventricle in a single contraction
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stroke volume
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volume of blood pumped into systemic circulationper minute
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cardiac output
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Difference between BP & osmotic pressure drivesfluids ??? of capillaries at arteriole end & ???capillaries at the venuleend
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out & in
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Gas diffuses from a region of ???partial pressure to a region of ???partial pressure
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higher to lower
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Diffusion of gases fastest: large, thin..?
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surface area
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process that moves respiratory medium over respiratory surface
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ventilation
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negative pressure breathing (pulls air in- suction)
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mammals
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positive pressure breathing (pushes air in)
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amphibians
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diaphragm contractsDOWN, rib cage musclescontract UP
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inhalation
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diaphragm relaxes UP,rib cage muscles relaxesDOWN
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Exhalation
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Medulla uses blood & cerebrospinal fluid pH to sense ??? levels
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CO2
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If there is increased metabolic activity the pH will become lower. What will happen to CO2levels?
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increase
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BIOL 1442: Chapter 35