BIOL 1442:Chap 40-46
80 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
---|---|
Amount of material that must be exchanged to sustain life is..?
|
proportional to volume
|
rates of exchange for nutrients, waste products, gases areproportional to..?
|
membrane surface area
|
single and double celled organisms exchange with their environment through..?
|
diffusion
|
as a cell increases in size, the surface area:volume ratio ___________.
|
decreases
|
skin protection against mechanical injury, pathogen, prevents fluid loss is known as?
|
epithelial tussue
|
cuboidal, columnar,squamous shapes are all ??? tissue?
|
epithelial
|
epithelial tissue that isone cell thick?
|
simple
|
epithelial tissue that islayered cells?
|
Stratified
|
epithelial tissue thatlooks layered, but its one cell thick?
|
pseudostratified
|
Epithelial tissue it polar. What are the names of both sides?
|
apical & basal side
|
Dice shaped, specialized for secretion
|
Cuboidal
epithelium
|
Lines the intestines, secretion & absorbion
|
Simple
columnar
epithelium
|
Forms mucous membranes, Rs tract
|
Pseudostratified
ciliated
columnar
epithelium
|
Skin, line esophagus, divide rapidly
|
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
|
Thin, exchange of materials by diffusion, lines blood vessels, air sacs in lungs
|
Simple
squamous
epithelium
|
binds & supports other tissues; cells in extracellular matrix (ECM).
|
Connective Tissue
|
—Loose connective tissue
—Cartilage
—Fibrous connective tissue
—Adipose tissue
—Blood
—Bone
|
connective tissue (vertebrates)
|
Made of collagen andprovide strength & flexibility
|
Collagenous fibers
|
Made of elastin andstretch & snap back to their original length
|
Elastic fibers
|
Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues and are made of very thin & branched collagen
|
Reticular fibers
|
Fibroblasts, Macrophages are two major cell types found in?
|
connective tissue
|
Most widespread in body and contains all 3 fibers:
collagenous, elastic, reticular.
|
Loose Connective Tissue
|
tissue found in tendons &ligaments?
|
Fibrous connective tissue
|
tissue involved in voluntary movement(striated).
|
skeletal muscle
|
involved in involuntary body activities
|
smooth muscle
|
tissue involved incontraction of the heart
|
Cardiac muscle
|
Contractile units (sarcomeres) along fibers, striated appearance
Muscles only enlarge, they do not divide.
|
skeletal muscle
|
Lacks striations, found in walls of digestive tract, bladder, responsible for involuntary movements
|
smooth muscle
|
Forms contractile wall of heart, striated, contracts heart
|
cardiac muscle
|
an organism thatgenerate heat by metabolism
|
endoderm
|
an organism that gain heat from external sources
|
ectoderm
|
A source of heat for thermoregulation of Birds & mammals that is more "expensive."
|
endodermic
|
Most invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, non-avian reptilesthermoregulate by..?
|
ectodermic means
|
endotherm metabolic rate at rest at a “comfortable” temperature
|
Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
|
ectotherm metabolic rate at rest at a specific temperature
|
Standard metabolic rate (SMR)
|
stimulates production of gastric juices in stomach?
|
gastrin
|
Chemical digestion aided by churning action is the function of..?
|
the stomach
|
what prevent chyme from entering back into esophagus & regulate its entry into the small intestine?
|
sphincters
|
Chief cells secrete (stomach)
|
pepsinogen
|
Parietal cells secrete(stomach)
|
H+ and Cl- separately
|
HCl forms in the stomach luman & converts..?
|
pepsinogen > pepsin
|
What acts as positive feedback on chief cells?
|
pepsinogen > pepsin (+) conversion.
|
pepsin is + feedback on chief cells to secrete..?
|
pepsinogen
|
What secreted from parietal cells converts pepsinogen > pepsin? (stomach)
|
HCL
|
trypsin & chymotrypsin are enzymes in the..?
|
pancreas
|
—bicarbonate & enzymes produced from the pancreas act as..?
|
a buffer
|
—Bile is made in the ???& stored in the ???
|
liver & gallbladder
|
Digestion of fats & other lipids begin within the..? (relies on bile)
|
small intestine
|
Most digestion occurs in the..? (small intestine)
|
duodenum
|
Jejunum & ileumfunction mainly in absorption of nutrients and..? (small intestine)
|
water
|
epithelial lining of the duodenum
|
brush border
|
inhibit peristalsis & acid secretion, slow digestion in Duodenum
|
Secretin & CCK
|
stimulates pancreas to release bicarbonate inDuodenum
|
Secretin
|
within the duodenum and is responsible for stimulating the digestionof fat and protein.stimulates pancreas, bile from gallbladder.
|
CCK
|
buffer for chyme secreted by the pancreas?
|
bicarbonate
|
—break down proteins secreted by the pancreas?
|
Trypsin/chymotrypsin
|
stored in gallbladder, salts that breaks down lipids
|
Bile
|
what stimulates the release ofTrypsin/chymotrypsin from the pancreas?
|
CCK
|
longest section of alimentary canal.Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
|
Small intestine
|
1st portion of small intestine, where chymemixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, small intestine
|
Duodenum
|
?..pass directly into bloodstream through capillaries & veins
|
Amino acids & sugars
|
Colon, cecum, rectumrecover water that has entered the alimentary canal as solvent of digestive juices
|
Large intestine
|
aids in fermentation of plant material, connects where small & large intestines meet
|
Cecum
|
extension of cecum in humans, plays minor role in immunity
|
Appendix
|
the path ??? and ??? the heart:
|
to & from: Arteries-> arterioles->capillaries->venules->veins
|
why does diffusion occur in the capillaries?
|
1 cell thick; surface area
|
They are the large veins that return deoxygenatedblood from the body, into the heart. They both empty into the right atrium
|
vena cava
|
valves, which are in the arteries leaving the heart, are the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve.
|
semilunar valves
|
amount of blood pumped by ventricle in a single contraction
|
stroke volume
|
volume of blood pumped into systemic circulationper minute
|
cardiac output
|
Difference between BP & osmotic pressure drivesfluids ??? of capillaries at arteriole end & ???capillaries at the venuleend
|
out & in
|
Gas diffuses from a region of ???partial pressure to a region of ???partial pressure
|
higher to lower
|
Diffusion of gases fastest: large, thin..?
|
surface area
|
process that moves respiratory medium over respiratory surface
|
ventilation
|
negative pressure breathing (pulls air in- suction)
|
mammals
|
positive pressure breathing (pushes air in)
|
amphibians
|
diaphragm contractsDOWN, rib cage musclescontract UP
|
inhalation
|
diaphragm relaxes UP,rib cage muscles relaxesDOWN
|
Exhalation
|
Medulla uses blood & cerebrospinal fluid pH to sense ??? levels
|
CO2
|
If there is increased metabolic activity the pH will become lower. What will happen to CO2levels?
|
increase
|