BIOL 1442:Chap 35-39 Review
117 Cards in this Set
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group of cells with a common function, structure or both?
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Tissue
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several tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
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Organ
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smallest living unit of life
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Cell
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The three basic plant organs are..?
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roots, stems, & leaves
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The stems and leaves make up what system?
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shoot system
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the main function of the shoot system is to metabolize CO2 and absorb..?
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sunlight
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The main function of the root system is to absorb..?
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water, oxygen, & minerals
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the roots in conjunction with absorption act as..?
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storage
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A deep vertical root that develops from embryonic tissue and branches lateral roots?
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Tap root
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The tap root also grows deep in order to..?
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access water
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Tap roots also store..?
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sugar and starch
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What type of plant grows fibrous roots?
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monocots
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fibrous roots grow after..?
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embryonic root dies
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fibrous roots do not grow deep which help the prevention of..?
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erosion
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fibrous roots will form and grow their own..?
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lateral roots
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extensions of root epidermal cells for water and mineral absorption near root tips?
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root hairs
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structure that can form a lateral shoot (branch)
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Axillary bud
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located at shoot tip, elongation of a young shoot
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Apical bud
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axillary bud growth inhibited by apical bud
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apical dominance
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apical dominance occurs in order to concentrate resources on elongation and increasing..?
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light exposure
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What does pruning(removal of apical bud)trees and shrubs do?
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axillary bud grows lateral shoots
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primary plant growth is aka..?
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apical growth
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secondary plant growth is aka..?
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lateral growth
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dermal, vascular, and ground tissue make up..?
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plant organs
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plants with an epidermis and waxy cuticle are known as..?
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nonwoody plants
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plants with a protective periderm that replaces the epidermis in older regions are known as..?
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woody plants
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root hairs grow on the..?
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root tip
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trichomes are hair like outgrowths on the..?
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shoot epidermis
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the function of trichomes is to prevent water loss, reflect excess light, and..?
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secrete sticky fluids & toxins for protection
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the vascular system collectively is called the..?
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stele
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ground tissue internal to vascular tissue
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pith
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ground tissue external to vascular tissue
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cortex
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cells specialized for storage, Ps, and support?
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ground tissue
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a perpendicular cell wall between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane for strength and protection?
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secondary cell wall
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cells that perform most metabolic functions of the plant (can divide / differentiate).
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Parenchyma cells
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cells that support young parts of plant and are flexible.
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collenchyma cells
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Rigid cells of a plant that occur in regions that have stopped growing.
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sclerenchyma cells
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sclerenchyma cells reach full maturity when..?
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most are dead
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sugar conducting cells
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phloem
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water conducting cells that are dead.
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xylem
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perpetual embryonic tissue (stem cells) of the plant.
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meristem
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¨growth produced by apical meristems(includes epidermis, ground, vascular tissue)
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primary plant growth
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innermost layer of the cortex, selective barrier for vascular cylinder (xylem, phloem).
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Endodermis
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lateral roots arise from within the..?
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pericycle
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vascular cylinder > x? > endodermis.
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pericycle
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Intercalary meristems are responsible for primary growth of the..?
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shoots
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the x? covers the apical meristem of the root?
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root cap
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the xylem and phloem divide and form new tissue from the..?
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vascular cambium
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consists of cork cambium plus layers of cork cells it produces
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periderm
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consists of all the
tissues external to the
vascular cambium, including
secondary phloem & periderm
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bark
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small, raised areas
dotting the periderm, allowing
more space between cork cells
for gas exchange
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Lenticels
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secondary growth consists of lateral meristems with are the..?
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vascular cambium & cork cambium
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what lateral meristem produces the periderm?
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cork cambium
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sieve tube cell is found within the..?
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phloem
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vessel elements are found within the..?
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xylem
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measurement of solute concentration & pressurecombined
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water potential
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free water moves from x? to y? water potential.
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high to low
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x? = ψs + ψp
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Ψ (water potential)
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Ψs becomes more x?as you ADD solutes.
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negative
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Ψs of pure water?
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0
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adding solutes lowers the capacity for water to..?
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move
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if Ψs increases Ψ ..?
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decreases
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what type of Ψx can be + or -?
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Ψp
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transport pathway through cell walls, extracellular spaces, dead interiors of tracheids & vessels?
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Apoplast route
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transport pathway through plasmodesmata within cytosol?
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symplastic route
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transport pathway passing through one cell wall and into another?
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transmembrane route
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negative pressure pulling water up through the plant?
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transpirational pull
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Water vapor in the airspaces of a leaf diffuses out of the leaf into drier air via stomata?
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transpiration
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guard cells open and close what?
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stomata
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What open and close stomata?
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turgor pressure changes
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low turgor pressure will x? stomata.
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close
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high turgor pressure will x? stomata.
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open
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absorption of K+ causes guard cells to..?
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open
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loss of K+ causes guard cells to..?
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close
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What has the function to no minerals reach vascular tissue without crossing a selective membrane, keep solutes from leaking out of xylem, & helps roots transport certain minerals from soil into xylem?
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Endodermis
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the casparian strip is located within the..?
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endodermis
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casparian strip causes minerals passing through the apoplastic route to enter the xylem only though ..?
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symplast
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most fertile topsoil, contain equal amounts of sand, silt, clay
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loams
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cations and anions in the soil make up..?
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inorganic components
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surface charge of the soil determines the ability to..?
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bind nutrients
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most soil particles have a..?
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negative charge
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mineral cations displaced from soil particles by other cations (H+) is known as..?
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cation exchange
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cation exchange is dependent on the number of adhesion sites and..?
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pH
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Anions are not bound tightly to soil (neg. charge) which allows for..?
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leaching of anions
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Cations are bound tightly to soil (neg. charge) which prevents..?
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leaching of cations
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concentration of salts in soil as water evaporates
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salinization
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slightly acidic soil is x? for mineral absorption.
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best
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if pH is too acidic (<5), what ions will be absorbed? preventing uptake of Ca+ and root growth?
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Al3+
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layer of soil bound to the plant’s roots?
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Rhizosphere
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what thrive in the rhizosphere?
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Rhizobacteria
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what produce hormones, antibiotics, absorb toxic metals, inoculation (vaccination) of seeds?
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Rhizobacteria
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most soil nutrients comes from..?
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soil bacteria
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swellings on legume roots, composed of plant cells “infected” byRhizobium bacteria
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Nodules
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Inside the root nodule,Rhizobium form x?, contained within vesicles formed by the root cell.
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bacteroides
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Bacteria in root nodule obtain sugar from plant and supply plant withfixed nitrogen is called?
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Rhizobacteria
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Fungus receive a steady supply of sugar and the plant experiences anincreased surface area, receive growth factorsand antibiotics.
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Mycorrhizae
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what form can plants absorb nitrogen?
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NH4+
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what is required for all plant proteins, enzymes and metabolic processes involved in photosynthesis and the transfer of energy?
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Nitrogen
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sporophyte (2n) to gametophyte (n) to sporophyte (2n) is?
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Angiosperm Life Cycle
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sporophyte (?n)
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2n
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gamete (?n)
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1n
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An full grown angiosperm who is 2n is aka?
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Sporophyte (2n)
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an angiosperm pollen grain or embryo sac is aka?
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Gametophyte (n)
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what is needed for an angiosperm to germinate?
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water
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Transfer of pollen fromanther to stigma by§Wind, water, bee, moth, butterfly, fly, bird, bat, animals?
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pollination
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pollination by the wind and water is know as..?
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abiotic pollination
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pollination by bee, moth, butterfly, fly, bird, bat, animals is the most common form and known as..?
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biotic pollination
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Union of 2 sperm cells with different nuclei of female gametophyte is known as?
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double fertilization
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during double fertilization Zygote (2n) and ???(3n) is formed.
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endosperm
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double fertilization resulting in 2 polar nuclei plus sperm equals?
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endosperm
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during double fertilization a generative cell divides by ??? resulting in 2 sperm.
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mitosis
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offspring that are genetically different from their parents is a result of..?
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offspring that are genetically different from their parents is a result of..?
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Results in a clone of genetically identicalorganisms is a result of..?
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asexual reproduction
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No need for pollinator,Pass on all genetic information, offspring will also be well adapted (stable env.), offspringmore hardy, usually arise from mature vegetative fragments. These are all examples of?
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Asexual Reproduction advantages
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Vulnerable to local extinction & environmental change, and offspring usually notdispersed as far. These are examples of?
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Asexual Reproduction disadvantages
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Genetic diversity, further offspring dispersal, andSeed dormancy allows growth to be suspended. These are all examples of?
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Sexual Reproduction advantages
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pass on half of the genes,Seedling fragile, must produce enormous amounts of seeds to compensate for low odds of survival. These are examples of?
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Sexual Reproduction disadvantages
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BIOL 1442: Chapter 35