BIOL 1442: Chapter 35
57 Cards in this Set
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Tissue
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A group of one or more types of cells that together perform a specialized function
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Organ
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Several different types of tissues that together carry out particular functions
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Root System
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The part of the plant below the ground
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Shoot System
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The part of the plant above the ground
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Three Plant Organs
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Roots, stems, and leaves.
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4 Functions of Roots
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Absorbing Nutrients (N, P, K)
Absorbing Water
Anchoring the Plant
Storing Carbohydrates (Sugars)
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Taproot
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The central main vertical root
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Lateral Roots or Branch Roots
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Horizontal roots that sprout from the taproot
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Root hairs
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Increases surface area of roots for better absorption
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Nodes
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Points at which leaves or branches sprout from the stem
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Apical Bud or Terminal Bud
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The rapidly growing bud at the tip top of the shoot.
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Axillary Bud
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Bud located along the shoot to be formed into a lateral shoot
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Apical Dominance
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The suppression of growth of axillary buds by the apical or terminal bud
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Storage Roots
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Stores food and water. Can be accessed during/after harsh weather conditions
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Prop Roots
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Aerial roots that help support the plant. Usually tall top heavy plants.
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Pneumatophores
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Roots that project above the water's surface to obtain oxygen. Also known as air roots.
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Strangling aerial roots
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Roots that wrap around tall trees. The host tree eventually dies.
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Buttress Roots
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Mostly above ground, thick, wall-like roots. Due to moist conditions.
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Stolons
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Type of stem that shoots horizontally, producing plantlets at nodes along the stolon. Also called runners.
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Rhizomes
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Below ground stem which produces vertical shoots from axillary buds,
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Bulbs
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Vertical underground shoots consisting mostly of modified leaves to store food.
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Petiole
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The stalk of the leaf
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Blade
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The photosynthetic portion of the leaf
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Simple leaf
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Axillary bud turns into the petiole then into the blade. On the same line.
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Compound leaf
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The petiole is jointed once then turns into blades
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Doubly compound leaf
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The petiole is jointed twice then turns into the blade.
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Tubers
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Enlarged ends of rhizomes or stolons that specialize in storing food
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Monocots
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Single leaf plants
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Eudicots
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Multi-leaf plants
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Gymnosperms
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Non-flowering seeds. e.x. Pine Tree
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Angiosperms
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Plants with seeds in flowers or fruits
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Monocot Leaves
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Have parallel vein systems
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Eudicot Leaves
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Netted or branching vein systems
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Xylem
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Carry H2O and minerals up
-Cells are dead Tricheids
-Just pipe
-Roots to leaves
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Phloem
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Living cells forming long chains , transports sugars from leaves to other parts of the plant
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3 Types of Tissues
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Dermal, Vascular, and Ground
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Dermal Tissue
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Epidermous, waxy cuticle, wood in wooded plants, defense.
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Vascular tissue
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A transporting tissue in some plants that is made up of the tubelike structures, called xylem (water) and phloem (food).
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Ground Tissue
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Inner tissue specializing in storage, photosythesis, and support. Includes Pith and Cortex.
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Pith
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Located inside vascular tissue
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Cortex
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External to vascular tissue
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Stele
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The collective vascular tissue
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Indeterminate growth
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Continuously growing throughout the lifespan
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Determinate growth
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Stops growing after a certain size
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Meristems
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Cause continuous growth and development. Once embryonic development is complete, further development of the plant is driven by the meristems. At the meristem, stem cells continually produce new organs and tissues
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Primary Growth
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Growth in length to expand
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Secondary Growth
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Increase in thickness by lateral meristems called cambium
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Root Cap
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Function: covers the tip of a root, protecting the root from injury.
secretes slimy polysaccharide (“mucilage”)
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Stomata
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Pores that allow exchange of CO2 and O2 between the air and the leaves.
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Mesophyll
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ground tissue of a leaf (between upper and lower epidermis)
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Bark
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protective outer layer in woody plants, composed of cork cells, cork cambium, and secondary phloem
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Sign of end Juvenile phase
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Begins to grow adult leaves
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Tracheids
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Tube-shaped cells that carry water and minerals up the roots. Dead upon maturity.
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Parenchyma
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Cells that are loosely packed with relatively thin cell walls. They have numerous chloroplasts. Least specialized. Retain the ability to divide and differentiate.
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Collenchyma
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Simple plant tissue composed of living cells with unevenly thickened walls, provides flexible support
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Sclerenchyma
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Plant tissue composed of cells with heavily lignified cell walls; functions in support.
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Sieve
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Transportation of nutrients in phloem
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BIOL 1442: Chapter 35