BIOL 2457:ChapterOne Review
107 Cards in this Set
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Name the two divisions of science that deal with the body's parts and functions.
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Anatomy- literally means "to cut open", body structures and their relationship to one another. Physiology- how body parts work.
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Embryology
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First 8 weeks of development rolling fertilization of egg.
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Histology
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Microscopic structure of tissues
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Gross anatomy
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Structures that can be examined without using microscope.
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Pathological anatomy
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Study of changes caused by disease.
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Levels of organization
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1. Molecular, chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ Systems
6. Organism
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What are the 4 basic atoms for life?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (C,H,O,N)
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What is a molecule?
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Two or more atoms joined together.
DNA and glucose are examples of molecules.
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What is a tissue?
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A group of cells coming together to preform a specific function.
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What are the 4 basic types of tissues?
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Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscle
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What is an organ?
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Two or more different types of tissues joined together to preform a specific function.
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What is an organ system?
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A group of related organs with a common function.
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How many systems are in the human body?
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11
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What is the function of the digestive system and what does it include?
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Digestive system breaks down and absorbs food. it includes the mouth, small and large intestines, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
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What are the components of the integumentary system?
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Skin, nails, sweat and oil glands.
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What are the functions of the integumentary system?
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Protects the body, helps regulate body temperature, helps make vitamin D, eliminates some wastes, detects touch.
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What are the components of the skeletal system?
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Bones and joints and the associated cartilage.
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What are the Muscular System Components?
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Muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue.
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What is the function of the Muscular System?
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Produces body movements, maintains posture, heat production.
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What are the components of the
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Brain, Spinal Cord, nerves, special sense organs such as eyes and ears.
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What are the functions of the nervous system?
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Generates nerve impulses to regulate body. detects changes in internal and external environment and interprets these changes and responds by muscle contractions or glandular activity.
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What are the components of the Endocrine System?
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8 different glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovary (female), testes (male)
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What are the functions of the Endocrine System?
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Regulates body activities by producing hormones.
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What are the components of the Cardiovascular system?
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blood, heart, and blood vessels
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What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
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heart pumps blood through blood vessels: Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes away fem cells: Helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluids.
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What are the components of the digestive system?
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Mouth, Pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, and anus.
accessory organs include, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
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What are the functions of the digestive system?
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Physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients, eliminate solid waste.
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What are the components of the lymphatic (immune) system?
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Lymphatic fluid (lymph) and vessels, spleen thymus, lymph nodes and tonsils.
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What are the functions of the Lymphatic system?
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Returns proteins and fluids to blood, carries lipids (fats) from gastrointestinal tract to blood, includes structures where lymphocytes that protect against disease causing microbes mature and proliferate.
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What are the components of the respiratory system?
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lungs, trachea, larynx, pharynx, and bronchial tubes.
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What are the functions of the respiratory system?
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Transfer oxygen to blood from inhaled air and transfer carbon dioxide from exhaled air.
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What are the components of the reproductive system?
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Gonads (testes in males, ovaries in females)
Females: uterine, uterus, vaina
Males: penis, epididymis, ductus deferans.
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What is the function of the reproductive system?
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Gonads produce sperm or oocytes that form a new organism.
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What is the organismal level?
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An organism or any living individual with all parts of the body functioning together.
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What are some ways to asses problems in the body without entering the body?
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Palpation- gently touching surfaces with hands
Auscultation- listening with stethoscope
Percussion- tapping body surfacing and listening for echoes?
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What are the 7 basic life processes?
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Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
Evolution
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What is Metabolism?
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All chemical process that occur in the body.
Has two components, catabolism and anabolism.
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What is catabolism?
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The breakdown of complex chemical substances into more simpler components.
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What is anabolism?
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Building of more complex chemical substances from simpler ones.
** Such as anabolic steroids and bodybuilders.
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What is responsiveness?
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Body's ability to detect and respond to changes in body temperature, sounds, and electrical nerve signal and muscle cells contracting.
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What is movement?
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motion of the whole body.
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What is homeostasis?
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equilibrium or balance of the body
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homeostasis sequence of events
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stimulus triggers receptor (afferent),
receptor and neurons signal brain
hypothalamus interprets/decides
response elicited to body
set point restored(efferent)
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What is growth?
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Increase in body size
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What is differentiation?
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Development of unspecialized to specialized cell.
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What cells give rise to differentiation?
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Stem cells
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What is the main type of feedback in humans?
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Negative feedback
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What is the purpose of negative feedback?
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To maintain homeostasis
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What are some examples of positive feedback?
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Child birth, blood clotting, milk letdown
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What does a virus require in order to metabolize?
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Another organisms DNA or RNA
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What are the principles of evolution?
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Reproduction
Natural selection
Genetic Variation
Inheritance
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What are body fluids?
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Dilute, watery solutions containing disolved chemicals inside or outside of the cell.
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What is intracellular fluid?
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Fluid within the cell.
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What is extracellular fluid?
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Fluid outside the cell.
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What is interstitial fluid?
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ECF that surrounds tissue cells.
It is the bodies internal environment. Cellular functions depends on the regulation of the composition of interstitial fluid.
Composition of fluid changes as things move between the plasma and interstitial fluid.
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How can homeostasis be disrupted?
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Physical insults
Changes in the internal environment
Psychological stress
Disruption
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What percent of fluid is interstitial fluid in the body?
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3-Feb
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What is a physical insult to homeostasis?
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Intense heat or lack of oxygen
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What is an example of an internal change that could disrupt homeostasis?
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Drop in glucose due to lack of food
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What is the cycle of events in a feedback system?
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body is monitored and re-monitored.
each monitored variable is is termed a controlled condition
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What are the 3 basic components of the feedback system?
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Receptor
control center
effector
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What does a receptor do in a feedback system?
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Monitors change in a controlled condition.
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What is the control center in the feedback system?
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The brain, sets the range of values to be maintained, evaluates input received from receptors and makes output command.
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What is an output in a feedback system?
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Involves nerve impulses, hormones, or other chemical agents.
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What is an effector in a feedback system?
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It receives output from the control center and produces a response or "effect" that changes the controlled condition.
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What is a negative feedback system?
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Reverses a change in a controlled condition.
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What is positive feedback?
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Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions.
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Blood clotting is an example of what type of feedback and why?
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Positive feedback, when a vessel is damaged platelets cling to the injured site, release chemicals that attract more platelets, platelets continue to pile up until clot is formed.
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Child birth is an example of what type of feedback system?
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Positive.
Uterine contractions cause vagina to open stretch sensitive receptors in cervix send impulses to brain, oxytocin is released into the blood, contractions enhance and baby pushes further down uterus, cycles continues until birth of the baby. Remember** positive feedback mechanis…
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What is a homeostatic imbalance?
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normal equilibrium of the body processes is disrupted.
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What is a modern homeostatic imbalance?
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Disorder or abnormality of structure and function.
Disease specific for an illness with recognizable signs and symptoms
Signs are objective changes such as fever and swelling
Symptom are subjective changes such as headache.
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A severe imbalance can lead to what?
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Death
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What is epidemiology?
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occurrence of diseases and transmit ion in a community
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What is prone position?
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Body is lying face down
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What is the supine position?
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Body is lying on back (spine)
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What does the head region include?
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Skull and face
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What is a section?
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Cut of the body made along a plane.
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What is the anterior cavity?
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Includes the the cranial and vertebral cavity.
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What are the 4 cavities of the body?
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Cranial
Thoracic
Abdominal
Pelvic
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What can be found in the cranial cavity?
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It is formed by the cranial bones and contains the brain.
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What is in the thoracic cavity?
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contains the pleural, pericardial cavity and mediastium.
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What is found in the abdominal cavity?
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stomach, spleen, liver, galbladder, small intestine and most of the large intestine.
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What is the serous membrane found in the abdominal cavity?
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peritoneum
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What does the pelvic cavity contain?
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Urinary bladder, part of large intestine, and reproductive organs.
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What is the vertebral cavity?
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Formed by vertebra and contains the spinal cord
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What are meninges?
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Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial and vertebral cavities.
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What forms the thoracic cavity?
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Ribs, muscles of the chest, sternum.
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What is the pericardial cavity?
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A fluid filled space that surrounds the heart.
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What are the pericardial cavities?
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Two fluid filled spaces that surround each lung.
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What is the mediastium?
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Located between the lungs from the sternum to the vertebral column. This is not considered a membrane because is doesn't have fluid.
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What is the diaphragm?
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Dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the the abdominopelvic.
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What is a serous membrane?
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A thin, slippery, doubled-layered membrane.
Covers the viscera of the thoracic and abdominopelvic.
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What are the parts of a serous membrane?
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Parietal- lines the walls of cavities
Visceral- covers the viscera within the cavities
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What does the oral cavity contain?
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Tongue and teeth
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What does the nasal cavity contain?
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Nose
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What does the orbital cavity contain?
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Eyes
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Where are synovial cavities found?
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Freely movable joints
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What are the 4 body quadrants?
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Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant
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What can be found in the right upper quadrant?
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right kidney, gallbladder, small intestines, liver
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What can be found in the left upper quadrant?
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Spleen, left kidney, stomach, colon, pancreas
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What can be found in the lower right quadrant?
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appendix
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What can be found in the left lower quadrant.
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small intestines, colon
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What are 3 main things that can cause genetic change?
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Ionized radiation
Certain chemicals
Viruses
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What do x-rays do?
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produce image of interior structures, hollow structures appear black or gray.
They do not pass easily through dense tissues like bone.
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What is the safest form of medical imaging?
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Ultrasound
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What is MRI?
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provide a color image, not uses on patients containing metal, used for differentiating normal from abnormal tissues such as tumors, brain, and blood flow
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What is ultrasound scanning?
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Uses high frequency sound waves.
They are non-invasive and usually used with pregnancies.
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BIOL 2457:ChapterOne Review