55 Cards in this Set
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Aristotle
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ordered the types of organisms into linear scheme, "great chain of being" or "scale of nature"; species genes are fixed, some are more complex than others (ex. humans)
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Anaximander
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comments viewed as evolutionary:
-first animals were fish
-humans evolved from these earlier creatures
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Linnaeus
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binomial nomenclature
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cuvier
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catastrophism
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Hutton
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gradual changes - gradualism
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Charles Lyell
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He is best known as the author of Principles of Geology , which popularized uniformitarianism – the idea that the earth was shaped by slow-moving forces still in operation today. Lyell was a close and influential friend of Charles Darwin .
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Thomas Malthus (1776-1834)
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English parson whose Essay on Population (1798) argued that population would always increase faster than the food supply
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Lamarck
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"the species are not static, but change through time via the inheritance of acquired characters"
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Alfred Russell Wallace
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In shadow of Darwin. Sent paper to Darwin about his Theory o Evolution by means of natural selection, but Darwin published first and received credit for the idea.
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Charles Darwin
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Showed that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors , and proposed the scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection . He published his theory with compelling evidence for evolution in his 185…
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Erasmus Darwin
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Darwin's grandfather - hid ideas of evolution in a poetic form
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Huxley
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English biologist known as darwins bulldog for his advocacy of darwins theory of evolution.
He was undecided about natural selection.
Was an agnostic.
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Ernst Mayr
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- Biological species concept: Species are groups of interbreeding populations sexually separated from other species
- Allopatric Speciation: When different species arise from geographically separated groups of the same species
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three types of natural selection
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1. stabilizing selection
2. directional selection
3. diversifying selection
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Artificial selection
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1. the human practice of breeding animals or plants that have certain desired traits
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Homologies
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similarities between organisms based on descent from a common ancestor
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Analogies
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similarities between organisms based strictly on common function, with no assumed common evolutionary descent
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conditions for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
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No mutations
Random mating
No natural selection
Extremely large population size
No gene flow
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
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A model situation in which allele frequencies do not change, no evolution.
p2+ 2 pq + q2 = 1
p = frequency of allele A and q = frequency of allele a
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Assortative Mating
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People select mates who are similar to themselves in important ways such as values, interests, and demographic background
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disassortative mating
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phenotypically different individuals mate
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Speciation
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the formation of new species. This occurs when one or more new species branch from a parent species. It causes diversity by increasing the number of species.
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adaptation
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an inherited variation that increases an organisms chance of survival in a particular environment
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extinction
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in classical conditioning, the disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus no longer follows a conditioned stimulus
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macroevolution
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evolutionary change at or above the species level
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microevolution
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change in allele frequencies in a population over generations
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Biological species concept
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species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other groups.
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Anagenesis
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In which a single species evolves into a different species (new species can be formed)
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Cladogenesis
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– evolution through the branching of a species of a lineage
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Allopatric
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Living in different areas
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Sympatric Speciation
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Speciation that takes place in geographically overlapping populations.
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speciation
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formation of a new species
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ploidy
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the number of chromosome sets
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autopolyploidy
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individual with more than two chromosome sets, derived from one species
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allopolyploidy
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chromosome sets are from two different species
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hybridization
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In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true-breeding varieties.
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adaptive radiation
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the relatively rapid expansion and diversification of life forms into new ecological niches
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Exaptation
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structures that evolve in one functional context, but become co-opted for another function
ex. feathers - for insulation, then for mating, then for flight
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Allometry
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The study of the relationshoip between size and shape of an organisim.
EX: animals have bigger bodies so they have bigger brains
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paedomorphosis
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retention of juvenile features as an adult.
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What is Heterochrony?
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an evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events.
Can alter the timing of reproductive development
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Homeosis
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The replacement of one structure by another.
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Prezygotic Barriers
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-Behavioral Isolation
-Temporal Isolation
-Mechanical Isolation
-Gametic Isolation
-Habitat Isolation
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postzygotic barriers
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(after the zygote) reproductive barrier that prevents hybrid zygotes produced by 2 different species from developing into viable, fertile adults
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Postzygotic Barriers
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-Hybrid inviability
-Hybrid sterility
-Hybrid breakdown
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Oparin Haldane model of life
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1. Assemble simple molecules into building blocks for complex polymers
2. Assemble polymers that can store information and catalyze reactions
3. Add membranes and an energy source to make a living organism
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The Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis suggested that _____
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life on Earth naturally arose from inorganic components under favorable conditions
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Miller-Urey Experiment
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Miller & Urey created an apparatus that exhibited what primitive atmospheric earth was like.
-Early atmosphere & Lightning
-Carbon molecule formation
-Amino acids – basic building blocks of proteins
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Abiotic
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the non-living components of the
environment. (humidity, temperature, sunlight,
etc.)
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"Primordial soup" theory
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suggested that life could have begun in a rich "broth" of organic molecules in warm, shallow seas
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protobionts
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a collection of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure
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what are the different types of protobionts
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1) liposomes(lipids)
2)Microsphere(proteins)
3) Coacervates(lipids+proteins)
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lynn margulis
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-endosymboitic origin of organelles
-popularized and complied evidence to support endosymbiotic hypothesis
-took many years before general acceptance
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Endosymbiotic Hypothesis
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proposes that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells
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hypothesis of Endosymbiotic origin of eukaryotes and endomembrane system
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we hypothesize that the endomembrane system is due to an infolding of the prokaryotic plasma membrane
we also hypothesize that mitochondria and chloroplasts are a result of endosymbiosis
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BIOL 240: EXAM 2