38 Cards in this Set
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succession
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change in communities following a disturbance...examples lava flows and glacial retreat (primary) or after a forest fire (secondary)
*In Glacier Bay went from Dryas--> alder and cottonwood--> alder and spruce--> spruce and western hemlock (resulted in temperate forest)
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facilitation and inhibition examples
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facilitation: bush is early successional plant which provides shade and facilitates establishment of the later S plant the Saguaro cactus
inhibition: Ulva is an early S species and must be removed before later S species (red algae) can move in.
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typical change in plant species richness following succession
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annual plants-->perennial plants and grasses-->shrubs--> softwood trees--> hardwood trees
graph1 ex: starts w/mainly low shrubs and herbs then get tall shrubs and eventually get trees
graph 2 ex. pinoeer--> dryas-->alder-->spruce
*lots of nitrogen produced in alder phase so not lim…
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chronosequence assumption
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assumption is that differences between forest stands are solely due to differences in age (not soil content etc.) must be chosen from very similar environments but is hard to do accurately.
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r vs K
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K establish in later S phases: key points are that they disperse via gravity, have short seed viability, high root/shoot ratio, and high shade tolerance (r is opposite)
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Landscape Ecology
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the study of how landscape structure and pattern affect ecological processes over a range of spatial scales
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Habitat Patch vs. Matrix
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Habitat patch is small environmentally consistent area and matrix is continuous habitat that contains patches.
Patches are distinct in size shape, area, number etc.
ex. a forest surrounded by a field, a lake, a pond, a town etc
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patch shape
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perimeter to area ratio is P/A --> if you have more edge have higher diversity but also less interior and species on the edges get preyed on more frequently (ex. brood parasitism and cowbirds have more access to nests on the edges-->*preys on song birds and oven birds)
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brood parasitism and edge effects
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graph: oven birds have many more nests in the interior and are less parasitized there --> parasitism results in fewer fledglings
edge effects: productivity increases with area and so does edge/interior proportion --> want to live in large area but in the interior so won't get preyed o…
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Corridor effect
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Savannah River Site : Butterflies--> more movement with corridors and also higher rates of pollination and seed dispersal.
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Characterization of distribution of Species
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Dot maps, range maps and abundance maps (also random, regular and clumped)
*Tiger Beetle lives in colder climates (Canada and extends South in mountains)
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Temperature and Precipitation Range Limits
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-Phoebe bird limited to areas with -4 degrees Celsius temperature (upper left US).
-Californica by coast with lower temp but higher precipitation--> actoni in slightly warmer area but less precipitation -> E. farinosa and frutescans in driest areas (frutescans wins out competitively)
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Biotic Range Limits
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Competition: Kangaroo rat example, Red fox and Arctic fox (red limited by abiotic conditions and arctic fox limited by competition--> *northern range limit limits red fox so this is the fundamental nich and the southern limit is the realized niche)
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CO2
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-ice drilling and CO2 conc. , increase and tapering off during WWI etc. , almost no more C14 in atm, models proving humans responsible for temperature trends
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Nitrogen
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human additions of Nitrogen (synthesized, fossil fuels, preferential planting)--> affects environment (Eutrophication)
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population
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200 years ago got 1st billion --> after 32 yrs got next--> 15-->13-->12 etc.
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IPAT
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I=P x A x T
P and A increasing--> can T help?
technology is the impact per unit of consumption (everything it takes just for one cell phone for example)
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Evolution examples
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flies and cadmium, flavobacterium that eat nylon (synthesized material)
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Beliefs Consistent with Evolution
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Evolutionary Creationists, Theistic Evolutionists, Materialistic Evolutionists
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Mendelian vs. Population genetics
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Mendelian is transmission of alleles from parent to offspring and population is transmission of alleles from one generation to the next.
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MHC example
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-more heterozygotes than expected --> could be due to mates choosing other mates with dissimilar MHC alleles or homozygous fetuses having lower fitness.
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For Every Object there is a type
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God trying to replicate ideal type --> Plato
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God trying to replicate ideal type --> Plato
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Believed life was organized linearly with simple organisms at the bottom and humans at the top
Aristotle
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John Ray
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proved that wood in trees conducts water--> felt that variation was reflection of what God wanted --> one of earliest naturalists to work on classification
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Carl Linnaeus
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System of classification
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Louis Agassiz
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Believed that world was not static in geological terms (not biological)--> was a critic of Darwin
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George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon
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Believed that organisms altered in type but that classification of species was just a human invention --> thought organisms were degraded rather than evolving--> thinking led to concept of homology (very important)
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Jean-Baptist Lamark
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Inheritance of acquired characteristics
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Strongly Influenced Darwin
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-Lyell's Principles of geology and Thomas Malthus
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Alfred Russel Wallace
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independently developed theory of evolution (Darwin had the mechanism)
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Antibiotic Resistance
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Alteration of target site
blockage of uptake
detoxification of drug
alternative biochem pathways
decreased requirements for products of blocked pathways
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Types of Selection
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Directional, Stabalizing and Disruptive (seed crackers--> important for speciation)
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Detecting Selection
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Correlations Accross populations (Bergman's Rule)
-Comparing survivors and nonsurvivors-galls of goldenrod gall fly
-Functional Studies-(CS and LDH activity in tropical and antarctic fish)
-Convergent Evolution- pictures (unrelated organisms with ~identical phenotypes)
-molecular meth…
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Selection Between Genes-Meiotic Drive
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Meiotic Drive-when a certain allele is carried in more than half of the gametes =selfish genes (often come at a cost to the indvl)--> ex. house mouse w/ gene that causes sterility in homozygotes but still persists--> humans wit driving Y chromosome have all males-->transposable elements
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extra equation stuff
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delta z= R and Beta = S/P
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Selection Between Organelles
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some replicate faster than others --> ex. red mitochondria that has less DNA so replicates faster but doesn't provide enough of the products (red aspergilla).
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Selection Between Cells
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some replicate faster (Cancer)
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species selection
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some species speciate more rapidly than others --> ex. nonplanktotrophic vs. planktotrophic snails
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BIOL 201: TEST 2