42 Cards in this Set
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Plato
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idea of eidos
for every object, there is an ideal type
everything around type with variation
species would be a type
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Aristotle
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Scala naturae
great chain of being
static and unchanging rank of species
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Carl Linnaeus
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System Naturae
Scientific Classification System
As many species as God created
system does not reflect evol relationship
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William Paly
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natural theology
complexity reflection of God's thought and design
"watchmaker" idea
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John Ray
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Father of British natural history
adherent to idea of natural theology
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Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
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Philosphie Zoologique
all organisms change through time
inheritance of acquired characteristics
organic progression after spontaneous generation
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Charles Darwin
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Voyage of the Beagle
Origin of Species
Biogeography Insights
all descend from 1 or a few organisms, occurs by natural selection
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G.-L. LeClerc Compte de Buffon
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Believed animals alter in type to fit their environment
thought families fixed, but species flexible
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Erasmus Darwin
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wrote about common descent
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wrote about common descent
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Uniformitarianism
forces shaping surface today shaped it in the past
focuses on geology
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Malthus
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populations increase more rapidly than food resources
not every offspring survives b/c of limited resources
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Gregor Mendel
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Austrian geneticist who studied trait patterns in pea plants.
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Peter Grant and Rosemary Grant
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-in wet years, small seeds are more abundant and small beaks are favored, but
-in dry years, large strong beaks are favored because all seeds are in short supply and birds must eat more larger seeds
-evolution is dependent on environmental factors
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WD Hamilton
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Studied kin selection, defined the coefficient of relatedness
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Motoo Kimura
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Neutral Theory: the molecular level most evolutionary changes and most of the variability within species are not caused by Darwinian selection but by random drift of mutant alleles that are neutral or nearly neutral
Importance of Random changes
Rate of mutation
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Luria and Delbruck
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separate cultures of bacterial cells; observed random mutation that was inherited after the mutation was acquired
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JBS Haldane
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mathematical models of allele frequencies
shifts in allele freq occur over reasonable amounts of time
highest change at intermediate frequency
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Carl Bergmann
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-size/weight ratio higher in colder climates and lower in warmer climartes
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additive genetic variance
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describes the component that can be transmitted to the next generation
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Dominance Variance
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- VD = dominance variance:
- the average effect of dominant alleles on phenotypic variance,
- or the deviation from strict additivity when heterozygotes are not exactly intermediate
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Scramble competition
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The animal that reaches the resource is the successful competitor.
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parasite
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an organism that grows on or in another organism, causing damage to it.
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Operational sex ratio
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ratio of sexually available males to females in a population at any one time
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male weaponry
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can be used for defense or display
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negative frequency-dependent selection
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rare alleles have an advantage
ex. search image predation
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positive frequency-dependent selection
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common allele has an advantage
ex. Heliconius butterfly mimicry
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Heterozygote Advantage (Overdominance)
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heterozygote has the highest fitness
s and t select against the homozygotes
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Heterozygote Disadvantage (underdominance)
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heterozygotes have lowered fitness
tend to select against less frequent allele early on
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Environmental variance
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phenotypic variation attributed to differences in the environment
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phenotypic variation attributed to differences in the environment
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increases frequencies at either end of a continuous trait
increases variance
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Balancing selection
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occurs when natural selection mains 2 or more forms in a population
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Stabilizing selection
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reduces amount of variation
cuts off extreme values
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Directional selection
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changes the average value of a trait
affects the mean
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Skewed Sex Ratio
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Unequal numbers of females and males.
The sex in the minority has the highest fitness than the sex in the majority.
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polygyny
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males mate multiply
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polyandry
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female mates multiply
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positive selection
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increases frequency of beneficial mutations in pop
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gene flow
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occurs when individuals join new populations and reproduce
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coefficient of variation
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allows you to compare variances
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broad sense heritability
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fraction of the variance that is potentially due to genetic causes
total fraction of variation of a trait in a population that can be attributed to genetic causes
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narrow-sense heritability
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fraction of the total variation that is due to the additive genetic variation
fraction of variation accessible to natural selection
slope of regression line between parental and offspring phenotypes
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Chi Square
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used to determine if two populations are significantly different
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BIOL 201: TEST 2