89 Cards in this Set
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Taxon
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species or higher order classification
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Linnaeus
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higher order classification system
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Modern Taxonomy
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has the goal of putting organisms in evolutionary order- phylogenetics
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unrooted phylogenetic trees
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just give an idea of which species are related
doesn't show time
can convert to rooted if you find oldest branch
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rooted trees
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give some sense of history
gives more information about progression
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terminal taxa
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fall at the end of branches- ones being currently analyzed
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node
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represent the ancestors of the terminal taxa- can rotate branches around
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internal branch
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branches that connect two nodes
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peripheral branch
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branch that goes out to a terminal taxa
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outgroup
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group known to be outside of current group being studied
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monophyletic group
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includes ancestor and all of its descendents
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paraphyletic group
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common ancestor, but not all of its descendents
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Parsimonious Trees
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Identify taxa
Identify characters
Build a character matrix
Start Hypothesizing Trees
Use an Outgroup
Create trees and map # of changes
Abide by parsimony to choose final
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homology
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derived without modification from a common ancestor
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character state
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alternate conditions of a character
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discrete
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have an finite number of possible states
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continuous
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have an infinite number of possible states
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synapomorphy
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a character that is both shared and derived- used to determine evolutionary relationships
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Other types of phylogenetic trees
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statistical- likelihood and bayesian models
comp models
distance
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homoplasy
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similarity that is NOT inherited from a common ancestor
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convergent evolution
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independently evolved similarity from different starting states
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parallel evolution
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independently evolve similarity from same starting state
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evolutionary reversals
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evolution back to ancestral state
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systematics
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reconstruction and study of evolutionary relationships
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conserved traits
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low homoplasy, low variation
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variable traits
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high homoplasy, high variability
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comparative method
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use of comparisons of sets of species to test hypotheses about evolution
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biological species concept
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species are groups of interbreeding natural populations reproductively isolated from other such groups
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morphological species concept
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a population or group of populations that differ in morphology from other populations
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phylogenetic species concept
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smallest monophyletic groups of common ancestry
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Postzygotic Isolating mechanism
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occurs after the formation of a zygote
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Intrinsic
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genetic mechanisms largely independent of environment
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underdominance
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heterozygotes have disadvantage
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Dobzhansky-Muller model
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independent evolution at different loci- eventually become incompatible
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hybrid sterility
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hybrids are not able to reproduce
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extrinsic
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dependent on environment
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Post mating, prezygotic
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higher mortality between mating and producing offspring ex. sperm and egg attachment
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Premating
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differences that prevent mating
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temporal isolation
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timing of mating is not congruent
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habitat choice
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where breeding is occurring is different
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mate choice
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species recognition traits differ
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allopatric speciation
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spatial separation of populations- very little gene flow
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vicariance
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barrier separates pre-existing population
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peripheral isolation (dispersal)
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populations are separated as a new area is colonized
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parapatric speication
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species are always in contact- intermediate gene flow, includes a heterozygote region
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sympatric speciation
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geographically interspersed, with encounters throughout range- potential for high gene flow
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reinforcement
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evolution of premating isolation after secondary contact to prevent the formation of unfit hybrids
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adaptive radiation
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evolutionary divergence of a single lineage into a variety of adapted forms (in a fairly short period of time)
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ecology
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the study of the interaction between an organism and its environment- including all biotic and abiotic factors
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Challenges in ecology
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processes operate at large temporal and spatial scales
ecological systems are complicated
hard to control for experiments
life cycles can be quite long
feedbacks make for inherently unpredictable systems
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individual
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environmental effects on an organism
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population
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how they change over time in abundance+ what affects
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interaction
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a community w different species and their interactions- why diversity, etc
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physical environment
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how communities determine nutrient, etc distribution
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global
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how interactions scale across the whole globe
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Major physical determinants of life
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temperature, water, and nutrients
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What determines climate?
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the earth's shape, tilt, revolution and rotation
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subsidence
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air descending when it cools- typically happens around 30 degrees North
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coriolis effect
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moving air on the earth's surface appears to deflect because of the rotation of the earth
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Whittiger Diagram
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shows dif biomes in space by temp/precipitation
triangular- cold air not enough water held
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Tundra
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forb lands with very few months of photosynthesis- high rate
things like carribou wandering through area
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Boreal forest- Taiga
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my Alaska
extremely high temp variation
high rainfall in summer
fire allows deciduous trees to move in
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Temperate Grassland
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water is limiting
were dominated by herbivores- determine boundaries
fire prevents woody plants
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
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enough water, light becomes limiting
still wetter during summer than winter
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Temperate Evergreen Forest
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much wetter, less cold
less fluctuation of temp- keep leaves
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Temperate Shrubland (Mediterranean)
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rain fall patterns reversed
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Hot (subtropical) desert
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some caused by rain shadows
low water, low seasonal pattern
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Tropical Dry Forest (Savanna)
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tropical moving into-- closer to the equator=more rainfall
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Tropical Rain Forest
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high rainfall and temp
many dif layers of plants and life
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Effects of Mountains
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windward= wet biomes
leeward=dry biomes
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Riverine Habitats
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main channel= pelagic zone
benthic zone
hyporheic zone
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benthic zone
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dominated by dead plant matter
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hyporheic zone
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dominated by decomposers
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limnion
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area near surface that is well mixed by winds= avg temp and oxygen
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littoral zone
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near edge, plants are rooted to benthic zone, high nutrient
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photic zones
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varies on level of productivity, blooms block light
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benthic zone
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very little productivity, nutrients come from above
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Shallow water habitats
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corrals- warmer areas, produce areas for reproduction, intermediate amounts of nutrients
kelp forrest- colder areas, near shore, high vertical structure like tropical rain forest
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Performance
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ability of organism to function biologically
not a direct measure of fitness
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SR
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solar radiation- gaining light from the sun
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IR
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infared radiation- can gain or lose, everything emits
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Hconv
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heat coming from movement of fluid over something
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Hcond
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heat conducted if fluid is not moving
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Hevap
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transformation of liquid H20 to gaseous- transpiration/evaporation
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Hmet
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heat coming from metabolic functions
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absorptance
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amount of sunlight absorbed
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thermal neutral zone
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range of temp where rate of energy usage is constant
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lower critical temp
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as temp gets lower, begin to increase temp
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upper critical temp
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energy usage spikes again- shows active cooling
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BIOL 201: TEST 2