59 Cards in this Set
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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A (glutamic acid) --> C (Valine)
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Apomorphic
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also called a loss of cause mutation --> results in no function and is a recessive mutation.
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Hypomorphic
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Cause damage but genes are still partly functional --> recessive OR dominant
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Hypermorphic
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Causes gene to be over functional --> dominant
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Xenomorphic
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Results in a mutation that causes a different function all together
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monogamy
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- equal numbers of male and female contribute to zygotes in the next generation
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polygamy
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- unlimited amounts of male and female contribution of gametes to zygotes.
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polygany
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(COMMON) males mate with more than one female means fewer males contribute gametes to zygotes
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Scramble competition polygyny
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- males try to outcompete other males for females (some males by chance will be more successful)
-Anglerfish- very hard for males to find females, so when they find females they attach to them and they become almost a spermatic parasite
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-Female defense polygyny
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- females will live together and forge together, all males have to do is find them to have a successful reproduction
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-Resource defense polygyny
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- males are defending resources so females must mate with the males to get the resource
Orange-rumped honeyguide- Permit females to eat from fruit if she will mate with the male
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Lek Polygany
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males will stand in patches of land that have no resources
-Ex. Sage grouse
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Polyandry-
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(RARE)females mate with more than one male so more males than females contribute gametes to offspring production (opposite of polygyny) also called sex role reversal
-Jacana-females have males protecting their nests while she finds more males to mate with.
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Synapomorphy
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a homologous trait between two species that is similar because it was derived from descent with modification from a common ancestor.
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monophyletic group
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any group that includes and ancestor and all of its descendents.
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paraphyletic group
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include some but not all descendants of a common ancestor (ex. Pongidee and Reptiles)
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polyphyletic group
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a group that does not include the common ancestor of the group.
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post-mating prezygotic isolation
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when fertilization is prevented from occuring
-could be due to higher mortality rate when two different species mate --> lock and key model --> may result in injury of reproductive organs and result in death (ex. Carabid beatles)
-or lower fertility (see next card)
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reasons for lower fertility
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•Proteins or behaviors not stimulating ovulation
•Sperm surviving for less time in the female
•Ineffective sperm transport, storage, passage through the female
•Incompatibilities between sperm proteins and egg receptors
•Matching behaviors for fertilization
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reinforcement
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natural selection favoring assortative mating amongst populations to avoid hybrids with lower fitness--> results in speciation
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postzygotic isolation
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when hybrid offspring are sterile or infertile --> results in speciation
Intrinsic-genetic incompatibilities (underdominance) and Dobzhansky Muller (occurs when two genes that have interacted before are incompatible-->It assumes a selective pressure against a combination of alleles in …
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Biological species concept
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•species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups (Mayr 1942)
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Evolutionary species concept
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A species is a single lineage (ancestral-descendant sequence) of populations or organisms that maintains its identity from other such lineages and which has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate (Wiley 1978)
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Phylogenetic species concept
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A phylogenetic species is an irreducible (basal) cluster of organisms that is diagnosably distinct from other such clusters, and within which there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent (Cracraft 1989)
- A species is the smallest monophyletic group of common ancestry (de Quiero…
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premating isolation
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-temporal isolation (around at different times)
-habitat choice ( Examle is aphid certain species hang out on different trees)
-male choice ( – Sometimes mates just do not find each other attractive ex. hummingbirds)
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•Allopatric Speciation
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–Vicariance (ex. isthmus of panama and shrimp)
–Peripheral isolation (dispersal)--> (ex. drosophila and Hawaiian islands)
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parapatric speciation
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results when a population becomes separated from another but the exchange of gene flow between the two is still continuous yet reduced--> results in speciation. (ex. birds migrating to a nearby island)
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sympatric
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when two populations within the same geographic location become isolated due to things such as separate niches or some kind of genetic isolation (ex. cichlids)
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Reinforcement
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the evolution of premating isolation after secondary contact to prevent the formation of unfit hybrids (occurs in areas of sympatry but not allopatry) --> results from character displacement.
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Origin of Life
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~3.5 Billion years ago
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First multicellular organism
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1 billion years ago
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Proterozoic era
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2500 mya (1.9 billion?)
earliest eukaryotes, origin of eukaryotic kingdom --> possible fossils of cnidaria, annelida, and arthropoda
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Archean era
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3600 mya --> diversification of prokaryotes (bacteria); photosynthesis generates oxygen, replacing earlier oxygen-poor atm, aerobic respiration etc...
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Cambrian
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-543 mya
-marine animals diversify; fast appearance of most animal phyla within short interval--earliest agnanthan vertebrates and diverse algae
-theories of diverse body form: increased predation=evolution of defensive body plans, more O2=larger body forms, and duplication and divers…
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Silurian
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-439 mya
-diversification of agnanthan vertebrates, origin of jawed fishes, earliest terrestrial vascular plants, arthropods and insects
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Devonian
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-409 mya
-first movement of organisms onto land (amphibians)--> evolution of fish to tetrapods. also diversification of bony fishes, insects, ferns, seed plants etc.
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Evolution of tetrapod
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Eusthenopteron(fish)--> panderichthys-->Tiktaalik (fins flex and extend like wrists (ends in fin rays not digits)--> Acanthostega (has limbs and also fin like tail)-->Ichthyostega (terrestrial)
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Permian
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-290 mya
Continents= Pangea, advanced fish, amhibians decline, mammal-like reptiles originate, mass extinction of marine life at end of period
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Difference between mammals and reptiles
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mammals have:
-lower jaw is one bone
-jaw joint between dentary and squamosal (not quadrate and articular which became important for hearing)
-3 ear bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
-differentiated teeth
-enlarged braincase
-temporal fenestra
-secondary pallet
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Evolution of Mammals
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Synapsid--> Therapsid-->early Cynodont (Procynosuchus)*dentry becoming more of lower jaw=one bone and start to get multiple cusps in teeth-->Cynodont (Thrinaxedon) *get secondary pallet that is more or less complete-->Advanced Cynodont (Probainognathus),--> Morganucodon
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Jurassic
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-206 mya
-dinosaurs prominent, first birds, mammals still not doing much, continents separated, mass extinction at end of period
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K-T boundary
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end of Cretaceous and beginning of tertiary was the mass extinction of dinosaurs and most other species as well. (Alot of birds survived)
evidence: Iridium deposits, microtekitites and shocked quartz, Chicxulub crater
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Cenozoic Era
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-most modern era... consists of :
Teriary period- (65-5 mya)--> radiation of mammals birds, snakes etc.
Quaternay Period- current -evolution of man, continents in current position etc...
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Evolution of Whales
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Elomeryx(terrestrial)--> Ambulocetus(modified hooves)-->Radhocetus(had pelvis but couldn't support it on land)-->Durodon-->Phocoena(modern whale form).
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Cope's Law
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Body size will generally increase over time
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Mass Extinctions
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Late Ordovician, Late Devonian, End Permian, End Triassic, End Cretaceous
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Pleistocene Extinction
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due to humans--> hunting
~20% of NA fish and freshwater mussels extinct or endangered, 800 species extinct in US, 10% of world's birds endangered
ex. Thylacine, Stellar sea cow, passenger pigeons, perch and cichlids
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Gracile Austrolopithecines
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(africanus, afarensis and anamensis): Grew to heights of ~1.5 meters, both walked on two legs, smaller brain size, had larger teeth and more rounded face and sexual dimorphism.
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Robust Austrolopithicenes (Paranthropus)-
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had small braincases (intermediate between gracile and early homo) and very large faces. Had enormous cheek teeth, robust jaws and jaw muscles (anchored to bony crest along top of skull) and were all bipedal.
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Homo ergaster (African Homo erectus):
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braincase volume=850 cm^3, small flatter face, smaller teeth and jaws, greater height, longer legs and reduced sexual dimorphism.
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H habilus and h. rudolfensis
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Homo habilius: Braincase volume= 510 cm^3
Homo rudolfensis: braincase volume=775 cm ^3
Both resemble the austrolopithecines in terms of jaws and body size (flatter faces)
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Homo sapiens:
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(Cro-Magnon I) braincase volume= 1600 cm ^3 (ours is 1200), high steep foreheads and short flat vertical faces with prominent noses…and culture.
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Breakdown
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Large Brain, Big Teeth, bipedal: H. sapiens, H. neanderthanensis, H. heidelbergerensis, H. ergaster
Small brain, very large teeth, bipedal: Robust Austrolopithicans
Small brain, large teeth, bipedal: Gracile Austrolopithicans and H. habilus
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Out of Africa Model
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H. sapiens evolved in Africa and then migrated to Eurpoe and Asia replacing H. erectus and H. nethanderthaensis without interbreeding.
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Multiregional model
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H. sapiens evolved independently in Europe, Africa, and Asia without gene flow between regions (pretty much completely rejected)
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Ardipithicus ramidus
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is imporatant because it represents the common ancestor between humans and chimps. Was probably quadripedal and probably traveled using knucklewalking.
had a chimp-sized brain and very small canines, opposable toe on foot and bones of pelvis were fairly broad.
Habitat= open forest
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H. floresiensis
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Found in 2003 on island of florez --> are very small humans (small bodies and brains)
extinct ~12,000 years ago
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Mitochondrial eve
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can trace a mitochondrial tree back to the coalescence point through maternal lineages up to a single woman. Data analysis suggested this individual live ~ 25,000 years ag supporting out of Africa theory.
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bipedalism
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6mya- Orrorin
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BIOL 201: TEST 2