PSYCH 100: CHAPTER 5
37 Cards in this Set
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developmental psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span
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zygote
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the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division that developed into an embryo
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fetus
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the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
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teratogens
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agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. in severe causes, symptoms include noticeable facial mis proportions
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maturations
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biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
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cognition
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the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing , remembering and communication
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schema
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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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assimilation
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interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
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accommodation
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the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retna
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sensorimotor stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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object permanance
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the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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preoperational stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations or concrete logic
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conservation
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the principle (which Piaget believed to be part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in forms of objects.
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egocentrism
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in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
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Theory of mind
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People's ideas about their own and others' mental states--about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
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concrete operational stage
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In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
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autism
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a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
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formal operational stage
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in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning at age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
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Stranger anxiety
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the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning about about 8 months of age
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attachment
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an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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critical period
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an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development
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imprinting
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the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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basic trust
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according to Eric Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
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adolescence
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the transitional period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
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puberty
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the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
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primary sex characteristics
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the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
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secondary sex characteristics
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non reproductive sexual characteristics such as female breasts and make voice quality and body hair
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manarche
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the first menstrual period
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identity
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our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
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social identity
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the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am i?" that comes from our group memberships
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intimacy
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In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
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emerging adulthood
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for some people in modern cultures, a period from late teens to mid twenties, bridging the gap between adolescents and responsible adulthood
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menopause
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a time of natural cessation of menstruation
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crystallized intelligence
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our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
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fluid intelligence
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our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
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social clock
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the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
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PSYCH 100: CHAPTER 4