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PSYCH 100: CHAPTER 5
developmental psychology |
a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span
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zygote |
the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division that developed into an embryo
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fetus |
the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth
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teratogens |
agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) |
physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. in severe causes, symptoms include noticeable facial mis proportions
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maturations |
biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
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cognition |
the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing , remembering and communication
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schema |
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
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assimilation |
interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas
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accommodation |
the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retna
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sensorimotor stage |
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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object permanance |
the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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preoperational stage |
in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations or concrete logic
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conservation |
the principle (which Piaget believed to be part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in forms of objects.
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egocentrism |
in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
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Theory of mind |
People's ideas about their own and others' mental states--about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.
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concrete operational stage |
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
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autism |
a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
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formal operational stage |
in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning at age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts
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Stranger anxiety |
the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning about about 8 months of age
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attachment |
an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
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critical period |
an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development
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imprinting |
the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
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basic trust |
according to Eric Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers
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adolescence |
the transitional period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence
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puberty |
the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing
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primary sex characteristics |
the body structures that make sexual reproduction possible
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secondary sex characteristics |
non reproductive sexual characteristics such as female breasts and make voice quality and body hair
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manarche |
the first menstrual period
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identity |
our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles
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social identity |
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am i?" that comes from our group memberships
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intimacy |
In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood
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emerging adulthood |
for some people in modern cultures, a period from late teens to mid twenties, bridging the gap between adolescents and responsible adulthood
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menopause |
a time of natural cessation of menstruation
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crystallized intelligence |
our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age
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fluid intelligence |
our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood
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social clock |
the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.
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