BY 124: CHAPTER 32
54 Cards in this Set
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animals store starch as
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glycogen
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name 4 stages of embryonic development
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zygote → 8 cell stage
↓
Blastula → Gastrula
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why do cells cleave in embryonic development?
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to get more nuclei, to even out nuclei/cytoplasmic ratio
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Embryonic Development:
Zygote (2n)
↓ __________
___________
↓ __________
___________
↓ __________
___________
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zygote
↓ cleavage
8-cell stage
↓ cleavage
Blastula
↓ Gastrulation
Gastrula
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simplest extant animals (___1__) do not ____2__ and, therefore, have no ____3____
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1. sponges
2. gastrulate
3. germ layers
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play important roles in development of animal embryos, controlling the expression of dozens or even hundreds of other genes that influence animal morphology
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Hox genes
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1. process by which one end of the embryo folds inward, expands and eventually fills the blastocoel producing the layers of embryonic tissue: 2, 3
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1. Gastrulation
2. endoderm
3. ectoderm
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common ancestor of living animals was a stationary ___1__-feeder similar to present day ___2_____
1 was a colonial protist with a _______
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1. suspension feeder
2. choanoflagellates
3. flagella
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what to choanoflagellates and sponges have in common?
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collar cells (of choanoflagellates) and choanocytes (of sponges) are almost indistinguishable
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Oldest fossil dates from ______ years ago
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575 million
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opening in gastrula where cells rolled in: ____
↑ will become either the ___ or____
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blastopore
mouth (protostome) or anus (deuterostome)
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cavity in the blastula
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blastocoel
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During gastrulation, tan embryo's developing digestive tube initially forms as a blind pouch, the ______, which eventually becomes the ______
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archenteron
gut
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How does coelom develop in protostomes?
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solid mass of mesoderm splits to form coelom
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How does coelom form in deuterostome?
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folds of archenteron form coelom
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list 5 "breaks" of evolutionary advancement of animals
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1. tissue development
2. symmetry
3. body cavity development
4. protostome vs. deuterostome
5. Segmentation
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1st Break - Tissue Development
splits animals into ____ and ____
Reason why animals have no tissues
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1. Parazoa (no tissues - sponges (Porifera)) and Eumetazoa (true tissues - everything else)
2. No gastrulation
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2nd Break - Symmetry
two types of symmetry
which has only two germ layers
example
3. which has better sense organs, why?
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1. Radial and Bilateral
2. Radial (diploblastic)
jellyfish
3. Bilateral (triploblastic)
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Mouth forms first from ______
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Protostome
blastopore
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Anus forms first from ________
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Deuterostome
blastopore
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3rd Break - Body Cavity Development
1. mesoderm completely lines body cavity
2. mesoderm does not completely line body cavity
3. no space between germ layers
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Coelomate
2. Pseudocoelomate
3. Acoelomate
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Char. of animals:
1. ____cellular
2. Nutrition?
3. store glucose as ____
4. Have ______ (rather than plasmodesmata like plants)
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1. Multicellular and eukaryotic
2. Ingestive heterotrophs
3. Glycogen (instead of starch like plants)
4. Cell Junctions (gap, tight, and desmosomes)
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More animal char.:
1. Have _____ to hold cells together
2. must reproduce so ______ exist in most
3. What do animal cells not have that exists in all plant cells?
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1. collagen
2. distinct sexes
3. cell walls
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Red Queen hypothesis supports:
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That the increased predator/prey relationships during the Cambrian explosion caused animal diversification
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3 causes for Cambrian Explosion
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1. Increased O2
2. Predator/prey relationships
3. Evolution of Hox gene
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Advantages to having a coelom?
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1. cushions organs
2. makes organs independent of wall, gives them space to push
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In which group, protostome or deuterostome, is it possible to have an identical twin?
Why?
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deuterostome
Indeterminate cleavage
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T/F
Sponges have radial symmetry
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FALSE
Sponges have NO symmetry
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__1___ - living attached to a substrate
__2___ - drifting or weakly swimming (ex. jellyfish)
↑ char. of ___3___ symmetry
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1. sessile
2. planktonic
3. radial
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Which type of symmetry allows an animal to have a central nervous system?
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bilateral
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___1__, the innermost germ layer, lines the developing digestive tube, or ____2___, and gives rise to the lining of the _________ and organs such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates
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1. Endoderm
2. archenteron
3. digestive tract
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All bilaterally, symmetrical animals have a _______
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mesoderm
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Ectoderm gives rise to:
Endoderm gives rise to:
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outer covering of animal (and sometimes CNS)
lining of digestive tract and organs like liver and lungs
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T/F
All acoelomates are tripoblastic
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TRUE
an animal must have a mesoderm just no space for the coelom to be acoelomate
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3 broad differences in protostome or deuterostome development
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1. Cleavage
2. Coelom formation
3. Fate of blastopore
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8 cell stage of Protostome is _____ and _______
8 cell stage of Deuterostome is _____ and _______
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P: spiral and determinate (cells know what they will become)
D: radial and indeterminate (cells have not predetermined what they will become)
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An 8 cell stage that is spiral will have ______ cleavage
Type?
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determinate
protostome
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An 8 cell stage that is radial will have _______ cleavage
Type?
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indeterminate
deuterostome
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Proto. or Deutero.?
1. Mouth develops from blastopore
2. 8-cells stage is radial and determinate
3. Folds of archenteron form coelom
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1. Protostome
2. Deuterostome
3. Deuterostome
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Proto. or Deuto.?
1. Spiral and Determinate cleavage
2. Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
3. Anus develops from blastopore
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1. Protostome
2. Protostome
3. Deuterostome
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8-cell stage is spiral and determinate
Solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom
Mouth develops from blastopore
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Protostome
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8-cell stage is radial and indeterminate
Folds of archenteron form coelom
Anus develops from blastopore
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Deuterostome
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each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo
↑ char. of _____
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indeterminate cleavage
deuterostomes
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What makes idential twins possible and provides the versatility of embryonic stem cells?
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indeterminate cleavage
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Protostomes or Deuterostomes?
Brachiopoda (lamp shell)
Echinodermata (sea stars, sea cucumbers)
Chordata
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Deuterostomes
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Protostomes or Deuterostomes?
Platyheminthes Annelida
Rotifera Anthropoda
Mollusca Nematoda
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Protostomes
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Name two Radiata phylums
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Ctenophora
Cnidaria
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a crown of ciliated tentacles that function in feeding
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lophophore
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Possess trochophore larva and/or unique lophophore feeding apparatus; includes flatworms, segmented worms, and mollusks; one of two major types of protostomes
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Lophotrochozoan
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the process of shedding the old exoskeleton
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ecdysis
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T/F
Both protostomes and deuterostomes can perform ecdysis or molt their old exoskeletons
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FALSE
All ecdysozoans are protostomes
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Which phyla are ecdysozoans?
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Nematoda
Arthropoda
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Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Brachiopoda, Ectoprocta, Brachioproda, Mollusca, and Annelida are all _______ meaning they _______
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lophotrochozoans
have lophophore (tentacles for feeding) or have trochophore larva
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Hormones that causes molting
process of molting:
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ectdizome
ecdysis
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BY 124: CHAPTER 32