SOC 101: Chapter 10
38 Cards in this Set
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social inequality
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a condition in which members of society have different amounts of wealth, prestige, or power
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stratification
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a structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society
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ascribed status
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a social position assigned to a person by society without regard to his or her unique talents or characteristics
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achieved status
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a social position that a person attains largely through his or her own efforts
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slavery
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a system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by others as property
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caste
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a hereditary rank, usually religiously dictated, that tends to be fixed and immobile
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estate system
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a system of stratification under which peasants were required to work land leased to them by nobles in exchange for military protection and other services - AKA feudalism
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class system
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a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility
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upper class
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smallest and most exclusive class; wealthy, well-respected, and politically powerful
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lower class
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the underclass, the poor; limited access to the paid labor force, lacks wealth, and is too weak politically to exert significant power
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upper-middle class
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business executives and upper-level management (corporate class), doctors, lawyers, architects, and other professionals; participate extensively in politics and take leadership roles in voluntarily associations
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lower-middle class
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middle class; less affluent professionals, owners of small businesses, and clerical workers; not all hold a college degree, but typically aim to send children to college
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working class
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hold jobs that involve manual labor; faces the greatest declines in the United States as jobs that once required physical labor are taken over by machines or sent abroad where labor is cheaper
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social mobility
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movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society's stratification system to another
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open system
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a social system in which the position of each individual is influenced by his or her achieved status
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closed system
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a social system in which there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility
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horizontal mobility
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the movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank
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vertical mobility
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the movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank
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intergenerational mobility
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changes in the social position of children relative to their parents
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intragenerational mobility
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changes in social position within a person's adult life
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bourgeoisie
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Karl Marx's term for the capitalist class, comprising the owners of the means of production
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proletariat
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Karl Marx's term for the working class in a capitalist society who lack ownership of the means of production
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class consciousness
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in Karl Marx's view, a subjective awareness held by members of a class regarding their common vested interests and need for collective political action to bring about social change
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false consciousness
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a term used by Karl Marx to describe an attitude held by members of a class that does not accurately reflect that objective position
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class
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a group of people who have a similar level of economic resources
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status group
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people who share the same perceived level of prestige
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party
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the capacity to organize to accomplish some particular goal
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cultural capital
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out tastes, knowledge, attitudes, language, and ways of thinking that we exchange in interaction with others
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prestige
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the respect and admiration that an occupation holds in society
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esteem
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the reputation that a specific person has earned within an occupation
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socioeconomic status (SES)
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a measure of class that is based on income, education, occupation, and related variables
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income
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wages and salaries measured over some period, such as per hour or year
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wealth
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the total of all a person's material assets, including savings, land, stocks, and other types of property, minus his or her debt at a single point in time
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absolute property
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a minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below
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relative property
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a floating standard of deprivation by which people at the bottom of a society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged to be disadvantaged in comparison with the nation as a whole
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underclass
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the long-term poor who lack training and skills
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life chances
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the opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences
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digital divide
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the relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low-income groups, racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries
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SOC 101: EXAM 3