Test #3 Core Concepts- Power (the ability to exercise ones will over others even if they resist.)o Force- Actual/Threaten use of coercion to impose one is win on others o Influence- refers to the exercise of power through a process of persuasion. o Authority- 3rd source of power, refers to the institutionalized power that is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised by *Legitimacy is the popular acceptance of an authority*- Weber’s types of authority: o Traditiona l [-legitimate power is conferred by custom and accepted practiceo Charismatic [-Power made legitimate by leader exceptional, personal/emotional appeal to his/her followers o Legal-rational [-Authority based on formality agreed-upon and accepted rules, principles, and procedures of conduct that are established in order to accomplish goals in most efficient manner possible. Weber didn’t insist that only one type applies to given society or organization. -Economic system the social institution dedicated to production distribution and consumption of goods and services o Capitalism: economic system based on private property, in which profit-seeking individuals, companies, and cooperation complete in market place Pursuit of profit- core identity as humans & basic of presuppositions of capitalism Competition in the market-marketplace is the context in which we exchange goods/services Law of supply and demand- competitive marketplace a natural balance will be reached between production/consumption at the appropriate price Laissez-faire-the principle that people should be able to compete freely without government, intervention, in which capitalist marketplace o Problems with purely capitalist systemo Socialism: work (specifically, creativity and innovation) makes us human; the economy should be about satisfying needs for all, not growth & profit for someo Problems with purely socialist system Mixed economies : mixed economy is an economic system that combineselements of both capitalism and socialism- Welfare-state capitalism- Social democracyDeindustrialization in the U.S:The systematic widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity, such as factories and plants- Off shoring - transfer work to foreign contractors - Political systems: o Democracy: in a literal sense, government by peopleo Monarchy form of government headed by a single member of royal family, usually: king, queen, or some other hereditary ruler.o Oligarchy: A form of government in which a few individuals fewo Dictatorship: A government in which one person has nearly total power to make and enforces laws - Legitimacy/trust in government: all-time low in recent yearso Functionalist perspective: disagreement is part of democracy!o Conflict perspective: trust is low because voters don’t have very much power- Pluralist models of power: power is spread broadly in society; government is neutral “parent” that resolves disputes- Elite models of power: power is concentrated among a few; government is tool of the powerfulo Power elite model (Mills): rotating cast of characters in government, military, businesso Class-dominance model (Domhoff): social upper class, corporate community, think tanks Triangulation method for identifying power: Who benefits? Who governs? Who wins?- Triangulation means to use two or more methods in a study to double or triple check results. - One group doesn’t always benefit governs win?- Social upper class - The upper class doesn’t get taxed as much Interlocking directorso “Iron Law of Oligarchy”-the principle that all organizations even democratic ones, tend to develop into bureaucracies ruled by the elite - Educationo Manifest and latent functions of education: social integration, childcare, hidden curriculum, etc.Problems with functionalist approachFunctionalists including people who believe in pluralist model of power: these problems are part of democracy.o Conflict perspective on education: reproduction of inequality Teacher-expectancy effect; tracking- Higher education: benefits & barriers to education for all - Community colleges- provides an opportunity or some to get and education.o Continues to give students a chance to prove themselves, however their relativity low cost and open enrollment lower the barriers to success. - Homeschoolingparents take on the responsibility for teacher his/her student in a household.o Homeschooling points towards pluralism and desire to retain the unique sub cultural values of a community. o More likely to be white families, have 2 parents in the household, with only one in labor force, and holds a bachelor’s degree.- Public, private, magnet, charter,o Pro: school choice creates a market for schooling so you can stop for best valueo Con: such programs erode national commitment to public education - Like education religion plays an important part in human society- Sociology asks what is unique about religious beliefs, what is its function and how it affects society as a whole Durkheim: religion creates a distinction between the sacred and profane Durkheim: religion creates social cohesion, shared identity, meaning and purpose- Sects: a religious group that has broken away from the larger society- Cult: Also called new religious movements Atheists: don’t believe in god- Agnostics: neither believes nor don’t believe- Unaffiliated: believe but don’t practice religion- 18-22 1/3 are unaffiliated. Religion: o Sacred- text, special objectso Profane is anything in the ordinary worldFunctions of religion FUNCTIONALSITS approach overlooks the fact that schools quality is greater for some then others and U.S. education system reproduces class structure in each generation therefore the system transforms - Components of religion- Religious communities: ecclesia, denominations, sects, cults/new religious movementso Major denominations in the U.S.; major world religions- Secularization; rise of “unaffiliated” (people who don’t belong to a religious group)- Weber’s theory of the Protestant Ethic & capitalismo Kotkin article: connections between religion, education, fertilityo Weber: religion helped create capitalismConflict theory and religion Conflict perspective on society social problems results from society’s fundamentalo Marx: the “opiate” of the peopleHigh incomeo High income countries have 80% of world’s incomeo More income means more control of World’s financial
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