Test #3 Core Concepts- Power (the ability to exercise ones will over others even if they resist.)o Force- Actual/Threaten use of coercion to impose one is win on others o Influence- refers to the exercise of power through a process of persuasion. o Authority- 3rd source of power, refers to the institutionalized power that is recognized by the people over whom it is exercised by *Legitimacy is the popular acceptance of an authority*- Weber’s types of authority: o Traditiona l [-legitimate power is conferred by custom and accepted practiceo Charismatic [-Power made legitimate by leader exceptional, personal/emotional appeal to his/her followers o Legal-rational [-Authority based on formality agreed-upon and accepted rules, principles, and procedures of conduct that are established in order to accomplish goals in most efficient manner possible. Weber didn’t insist that only one type applies to given society or organization. -Economic system the social institution dedicated to production distribution and consumption of goods and services o Capitalism: economic system based on private property, in which profit-seeking individuals, companies, and cooperation complete in market place Pursuit of profit- core identity as humans & basic of presuppositions of capitalism  Competition in the market-marketplace is the context in which we exchange goods/services Law of supply and demand- competitive marketplace a natural balance will be reached between production/consumption at the appropriate price  Laissez-faire-the principle that people should be able to compete freely without government, intervention, in which capitalist marketplace o Problems with purely capitalist systemo Socialism: work (specifically, creativity and innovation) makes us human; the economy should be about satisfying needs for all, not growth & profit for someo Problems with purely socialist system Mixed economies : mixed economy is an economic system that combineselements of both capitalism and socialism- Welfare-state capitalism- Social democracyDeindustrialization in the U.S:The systematic widespread withdrawal of investment in basic aspects of productivity, such as factories and plants- Off shoring - transfer work to foreign contractors - Political systems: o Democracy: in a literal sense, government by peopleo Monarchy form of government headed by a single member of royal family, usually: king, queen, or some other hereditary ruler.o Oligarchy: A form of government in which a few individuals fewo Dictatorship: A government in which one person has nearly total power to make and enforces laws - Legitimacy/trust in government: all-time low in recent yearso Functionalist perspective: disagreement is part of democracy!o Conflict perspective: trust is low because voters don’t have very much power- Pluralist models of power: power is spread broadly in society; government is neutral “parent” that resolves disputes- Elite models of power: power is concentrated among a few; government is tool of the powerfulo Power elite model (Mills): rotating cast of characters in government, military, businesso Class-dominance model (Domhoff): social upper class, corporate community, think tanks Triangulation method for identifying power: Who benefits? Who governs? Who wins?- Triangulation means to use two or more methods in a study to double or triple check results. - One group doesn’t always benefit governs win?- Social upper class - The upper class doesn’t get taxed as much Interlocking directorso “Iron Law of Oligarchy”-the principle that all organizations even democratic ones, tend to develop into bureaucracies ruled by the elite - Educationo Manifest and latent functions of education: social integration, childcare, hidden curriculum, etc.Problems with functionalist approachFunctionalists including people who believe in pluralist model of power: these problems are part of democracy.o Conflict perspective on education: reproduction of inequality Teacher-expectancy effect; tracking- Higher education: benefits & barriers to education for all - Community colleges- provides an opportunity or some to get and education.o Continues to give students a chance to prove themselves, however their relativity low cost and open enrollment lower the barriers to success. - Homeschoolingparents take on the responsibility for teacher his/her student in a household.o Homeschooling points towards pluralism and desire to retain the unique sub cultural values of a community. o More likely to be white families, have 2 parents in the household, with only one in labor force, and holds a bachelor’s degree.- Public, private, magnet, charter,o Pro: school choice creates a market for schooling so you can stop for best valueo Con: such programs erode national commitment to public education - Like education religion plays an important part in human society- Sociology asks what is unique about religious beliefs, what is its function and how it affects society as a whole  Durkheim: religion creates a distinction between the sacred and profane Durkheim: religion creates social cohesion, shared identity, meaning and purpose- Sects: a religious group that has broken away from the larger society- Cult: Also called new religious movements Atheists: don’t believe in god- Agnostics: neither believes nor don’t believe- Unaffiliated: believe but don’t practice religion- 18-22 1/3 are unaffiliated. Religion: o Sacred- text, special objectso Profane is anything in the ordinary worldFunctions of religion FUNCTIONALSITS approach overlooks the fact that schools quality is greater for some then others and U.S. education system reproduces class structure in each generation therefore the system transforms - Components of religion- Religious communities: ecclesia, denominations, sects, cults/new religious movementso Major denominations in the U.S.; major world religions- Secularization; rise of “unaffiliated” (people who don’t belong to a religious group)- Weber’s theory of the Protestant Ethic & capitalismo Kotkin article: connections between religion, education, fertilityo Weber: religion helped create capitalismConflict theory and religion Conflict perspective on society social problems results from society’s fundamentalo Marx: the “opiate” of the peopleHigh incomeo High income countries have 80% of world’s incomeo More income means more control of World’s financial