64 Cards in this Set
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Sociology
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the study of the relationship between the individual and society, and the consequences of differences
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Sociological Imagination
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-an awareness of the relationship between who we are and the social forces that shape us.
-have to consider things within context
-being able to see things how they really are, see patterns, "go beyond"
-ex: urban vs. suburban schools
- urban= less money=less resources/teachers…
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Social Institutions
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education, religion, family, government, health/medicine
- a concept you can't touch, have roles: create and define rules and social norms. Ex) educational systems form gender roles
-all human made
-most made to help white men
-create and legitimize social rules that we live by
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Thomas theorem
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what we perceive to be real, is real in its consequences
-reality doesn't matter
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3 paradigms of Social Theory
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-conflict theory
-functionalism
- symbolic interaction
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Conflict Theory
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-We (society) operate at a constant struggle.
-People of/with power (majority) against people with little/no power (minority)
-Majority wants to hold power, while minority's goal is to take power from majority
- women minority, men majority
-Carl Marx: hated capitalism, so he d…
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Functionalism
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-idea that everything is working together as a whole
-think of society as a human body, if one thing fails everything will start to fail
-Emile Durkheim- division of labor within capitalism make it effective. Have each group specialize in certain things. Over specialization becomes dan…
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Symbolic Interaction
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-looks at things by evaluating individual relationships/small groups and makes observations.
-Cooli: looking-glass cell, we put forth the representation of how we believe other people see us.
-Goffman: we use ourselves, others, and things as props to communicate image we want peopl…
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Karl Marx
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-conflict theory
-hates capitalism because he saw the industry as the death of individualism.
-ex: people define themselves by their jobs
-came up with communism (economic system not government)
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Max Weber
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-conflict theory
-industrial revolution
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Emile Durkheim
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-Functionalist
- though anyone could be replaced
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Quantitative Research
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-Numbers, provides opportunity to do massive studies, and over long periods of time.
-Not a lot of detail
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Qualitative Research
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-making observations, numbers not involved.
-detailed information
- need small sample sizes
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Spurious Relationship
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-when people say two things influence each other, but really it's another thing.
-Ex: Demand for ice cream increase, so does number of rapes, but both of theses actually go up because the temperature increased. People want more ice cream, and they are outside longer increasing chances …
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Hawthorne Effect
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- When people observe and environment change, people's behavior change as well
- When you ask someone a question, their response/behavior may change, depending on environment
-Ex: factory made lights brighter, output increased, turned lights back to normal, output increased
-discov…
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IRB
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-Because of Syphillis experiment, Nazi twin experiments, hypothermia experiments which are all unethical, we now have the _______, who's only purpose is to make sure any study on people/ animals is ethical.
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Karl Marx
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-hated capitalism
-developed labor theory of value
-believed capital system is built on subjugation of labor forces
-bourgeoisie (land, factory owners--wealthy)
-polaterin (workers--labor force)
-he thought they should get paid for the amount of goods they produced/sold,…
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Alienation
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-Marx's idea that workers become alienated from product, production, people and ourselves
-Product: made by multiple companies
-Production: don't have time control over process
-People/others: viewed other's as competition or view other's as their "task" or "job" not a per…
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Karl Marx
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-considered himself an economist
-contribution to sociology: he started the conversation about how bad capitalism was.
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Max Weber
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-started career arguing about Marx's ideas
-Concepts:
-"Ideal Type"
- Verstenen
- Rationality
-Lifestyles
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'Ideal Type'
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-Weber's concept that:
-in some way a utopia-doesn't really exist. It's something we reference about. Subjectivity within science.
-Without this science has no meaning
-Says this is what it should be '_____ ____' and compares to what they found.
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Verstenen
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-Weber's concept that:
-"Understanding"- in order to understand things you have to be able to see stuff in the eye's of others.
-Idea that we do have to get beyond ourselves
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Rationality
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-Weber's concept that:
-how he viewed capitalists system
-he wasn't against it, just against the structure.
-believed reason it took this structure was because of rationality
-efficient and rationality lead to less creativity
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Lifestyles
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-Weber's concept that:
-have life choices and life chances (opporutinites that you were born into). choices are what you like to do/want to do/choose to do.
-Both make up your lifestyle
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Emile Durkheim
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-wrote book about religious life and what religion is to society.
-Did work on:
-Division of labor
-Suicide
-Concepts of Anomie
-Solidarity
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Division of Labor
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-Durkheim's work:
-looked at industrial and capitalism
-every individual has a specific task they are good at. This is good and efficient. But warned about over-specialization--would be inefficeint
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Solidarity
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-Durkheim's work
-sense of community
-organic: industrial/current society. people can think differently as long as same social goal as everyone. When someone steps out of line, rehabilitative system (jail)then can be woven back into society.
-mechanic: existed in pre-industr…
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Anomie
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-Durkheim's work
-lack of knowledge about how to operate in a particular setting
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Suicide
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-Durkheim's work
-all individual behavior but driving forces behind it are often social.
-Over integrated: causes fatalistic suicide. Individual had more invested in community than self. (ex: jumping on grenade)
- Under regulated: egoistic suicide. Feels no place in society
…
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Talcott Parsons
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-Ideas on
-social system
-AGIL
-The Sick Role
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Social System
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-Parson's work-
- was self-subsitdent, self-regulating
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AGIL
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-Parson's work
- Adaptation: systems have to change with society
-Goal Attainment: must have a purpose
-Integration: all social systems play a role that socialize us all. Social norms
-Latency: maintenance of all of the above
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The Sick Role
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-Parson's work-
- argued there is a social contract we have when we become sick. When were sick, no longer held obligated to full-fill our rules. However, we have to try and get better. Listen to doctor.
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Symbols
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_________ are the base of symbolic interaction.
-nothing has meaning unless our interactions provide it with meaning
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Tenets of Social Interaction
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-"Humans act toward things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things.”
-"The meaning of such things is derived from, or arises out of, the social interaction that one has with others and the society"
-"These meanings are handled in, and modified through, an interpretativ…
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George Herbert Mead
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-Concepts of
-'Play' vs. 'Game'
-'Self'
-Generalized Other
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'Play'
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-Mead's concept
-mimicking a role, but doesn't really understand the relationship between the 2 statuses
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'Game'
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-Mead's concept:
-start to understand your place is related to others
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Development of Generalized Other
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-Mead's concept
- understanding how you're supposed to act in an environment.
-ability to project and provide meaning to an envirnoment
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The 'Self'
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-Mead's concept:
-2 parts:
-'I': basic nature, things you want to be
-"Me': what we gather from other people
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Erving Goffman
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-dramaturgical approach
- we live in life like its part of a play
- use props, sets, and scripts
-we project an image of what we want others to see us as
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Chanes Cooley
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-Looking-glass self: we determine who we are, based on how we think other people see us.
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Social Status
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-positions that one occupies
-ex: student, daughter or son, sister, employee
-each position includes how we act/rules.
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Social Roles
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=the set of rules that we have in each position of our social status
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Role Conflict
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-individual finds it difficult to accomplish a role that intertwines with multiple statuses.
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Role Strain
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-can't accomplish all the roles of one particular status.
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Primary groups
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- provide you with emotional support
-ex: family, close friends
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Secondary Groups
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-provide instrumental support.
-assist in what you want and need
-ex: fellow students or coworkers.
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Reference groups
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-something we compare/refer ourselves to, to see where we stand.
-not comparing yourself, but you as a group
-ex: sorority against all other sororities
-ex: female against male
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Social institutions
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- government, religion,education, family.
-create and legitimize rules
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Social Networks
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Series of individual relationships.
-can help you get jobs
-provide us with opportunities or people that otherwise we wouldn't know
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Socialization
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-life long process though which people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture
-process of us learning how we're supposed to act.
-appropriate vs. inappropriate
-primary sources of _____:
- education, family, media, peers…
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Self
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-our sense of who we are, distinct from others, and shaped by the unique combination of our social interactions
-scripted on some level
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Socialization throughout our lives
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-clothing gender specific based on socialization
-gender roles come from socialization
-most socialization from early age comes from family
-peers reinforce socialization
-education teaches us a lot about socialization
-quickly realize how to act with authority figures
- lear…
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Socialization throughout our lives...2
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-Region:
-teaches us how to deal with authority figures and groups
-teaches females they are secondary to males
-Media:
-see what were supposed to do/look like
-see what people are comfortable watching
-ex: typical newscaster is white male with Midwest accent…
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Nature vs. Nurture Debate
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-argument of are we who we are because of genetics or for what we grew up around.
- most people believe mixture of both. Has to be an interaction of the two
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Culture
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-the way of life shared by a group of people; the knowledge beliefs, values, rules or laws, language, customs, symbols, and material products within a society that help meet human needs.
-what allows us to navigate the social world we inhabit
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Cultural relativism
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-setting aside personal beliefs and prejudices to understand a culture through the eyes of members of that culture
-we don't have to agree or like their culture but we recognize that they are rooted (different origins) and are going to be different. we acknowledge they are different an…
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Ethnocentrism
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-the tendency to view one's own group and it's cultural expectations as a right, proper, and superior to others
-belief that our culture is better than others. our culture is right, others are wrong
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Examples of symbols
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- Nazi symbol= hate
- Cross = Christianity
- Reverse cross= st. peter, refused to be hung the same as Jesus so he did it upside down. Another reason is satanic (opposite of previous reason)
-Jewish star (star of David) = represents Jewish tribe
- Nazi symbol= hate
- Cross = Christi…
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Subculture
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-a group of individuals that define themselves by something that is counter to general culture
-ex: gangs, goths, homosexuals, hippies
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Values
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-things that we project out and hold paramount to our existence.
-ex) freedom of speech, hard working
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Norms
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- values put into practice
- old norms don't always reflect values
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Hegemony
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-the dominance of one group over another.
- ability for one group to convince other groups they are where they should be.
- done through media
-video, print and audio
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SOC 101: EXAM 3