93 Cards in this Set
Front | Back |
---|---|
point source pollution
|
-comes from specific source, like a pipe
-factories, industry, municipal treatment plants
-can be monitored&controlled by a permit system
|
nonpoint source pollution
|
pollution associated w/ stormwater or runoff
-cannot be traced to a direct discharge point such as a wastewater treatment facility
|
impervious surface
|
-provides a surface for accumulation of pollutants
-leads to inc. polluted runoff and flooding
-inhibits recharge of groundwater
|
virtual water
|
shipping food over you're also shipping water:
-ground beef a huge offender- water that goes into producing feed conventionally raised beef cows
-prod of soda requires water 1:6 liters; now about 1:3.6
|
five characteristics of water that many believe justify us pricing it with a little more care:
|
-water is essential
-water is non-substitutable
-water is finite
-water is a system
-water is bulky
|
Andrew Szasa, Shopping Our Way to Safety, argues:
|
individualized solutions create political apathy
|
major problems with desalination (15000 plants in 125 countries)
|
-high cost
-death of marine organisms
-large quantity of brine wastes
-future economics
|
Ashkelon Plant, the largest plant in 2005, supplies:
|
15% of Israel's household water needs
|
spring 2002: small rural community near Virginia-Kentucky border suffered:
|
a "100" year flood for 2nd straight year
|
what is a 100 year flood?
|
the 1-percent AEP flood has a 1 in 100 chance of being equaled or exceeded in any 1 year, and it has an average recurrence interval of 100 years=100 year flood
|
100 year flood initially called:
|
california method
|
____ year standard is the minimum for evaluation all federal and federally supported action in flood prone areas
|
100
|
when impervious cover of watershed reaches ___ stream channels begin experiencing erosion
|
10%
|
residential lawns are approx. ___ impervious, parking lots almost ___ impervious
|
40%; 100%
|
does this mean a 100% standard calculated yrs ago translates into an annual occurrence today at a level of probability greater than 100%?
|
yes
|
Mecklenburg Country in NC: calculated that flood heights, when area was fully developed, would be on avg ___ ft HIGHER than that shown on federal flood maps
|
4.3
-the original maps developed in 1975, when the country had almost half of the population as it has today
-residences of Charlotte could have unknowingly built in a floodplain=ineligible for fed. subsidized flood insurance
|
The documentary tapped highlights:
|
the bottled water industry in the US
|
china 1979
|
monthly cash payments until 14; rural couples=add land; urban couples=+space public housing; priority in medical care, day care, school, otherwise paretns lose 5-10% annual income until youngest reaches 16
|
china now
|
de facto two child policy if 1st is girl
|
Indian sexual ratio 107 males to 100 females; 50 million women went missing in indian population; WHY?
|
-(outright) female infanticide
-(hidden) better food and healthcare for boys
-material death at childbirth (or once married)
|
world pop growth will continue to inc from 5th billion year(1987) to 9th billion year (2048) =
|
growth of 21 billion people
|
huge increase in pop growth started
|
1800s
|
growth in less developed regions is:
|
much greater than growth in more developed regions
|
pop growth important to put into context of
|
consumption
|
Sub-Saharan Africa is growing at ___ rates w/ ___ emission growth
|
high rates, low emission
|
US is growing at ___ rates w/ ___ rates of emission growth
|
low rates, high emissions
|
average number of children per woman has:
|
decreased
|
less developed/lower income regions have a more ___ shaped age distribution, with a large number of ____ people
|
pyramid, younger
|
more developed/ higher income regions have a more ___ shaped age structure, with a relatively___ structure
|
pencil, equal
|
demographic inertia
|
the fact that a time lag is to be expected before the FULL EFFECTS of changes to fertility rates are seen
|
until kids get above ___, effects won't be seen
|
child bearing age
-bc that's when the "one child policy" will go into effect
|
WWII created a long period of:
|
low birth rates in germany= greatly reduced numbers of youth
|
if current fertility and immigration rates continue to 2050, Germany's population will:
|
age dramatically
|
South Africa w/ AIDS shows a loss of:
|
middle aged persons and females
|
USA: in 2050, only ___ will be over 60, compared w/ ___ in China and ___ in Japan
|
25%
31%
41%
|
the number of ___ born in the US is at an all time high, but their share of the total pop is still below that of 1910
|
foreign-born
|
In 1990, almost ___ of all US counties had less than 1% foreign born, and only ___ had 5% or more
|
half
1/10
|
by 2000, only __ of US counties had less than 1% foreign born, and ___ had 5% or more
|
1/4
1/5
|
carrying capacity depends on:
|
-technology
-social, political,& economic institutions (distribution, regulation of production, etc)
-living styles &levels of consumption
-values, preferences, & moral judgements about how resources are used and by whom
|
Malthusian theory of population growth:
|
warned of impending doom based on pop projections
-pop grows geometrically (2, 4, 8) but food production grows arithmetically (2, 4, 6)
-limits included artificial birth control(morally wrong) or abstinence (unlikely)
|
the video Pyramids of Waste: the Light Bulb Conspiracy details:
|
-the re-engineering of products in the early 20th century to make them last less long
-planned obsolescence
-a light bulb that has been on for 100 yrs
**ALL OF THE ABOVE
|
planned obsolescence has been utilized since:
|
since at least the early 1900s
|
socio-technical systems
|
large technological systems (eg electric generation, distribution) cannot be fully understood as a set of independent technological artifacts but rather as complex systems
|
path dependency
|
the locking in to a certain way of doing things
|
although most typists are right handed, current keyboard arrangement makes left hand do ___ of the work
|
56%
|
___ of the time 1 hand is used instead of two
|
48%
|
the two strongest fingers of the right hand are used for:
|
2 rarely used letters-j and k
|
how do we(society, government, taxpayers) incentivize choosing the car over other modes of transportation?
|
build society around it; parking lots, work place farther away from homes, make bike/buses/other transportation harder(alt dis-incentivized)
|
total space of free parking in US
|
covers land equivalent to 74 manhattans
-could be used to generate 11 billion kwh of electricity per day (with solar panels)
-if covered 50% w/ trees could remove above 1 mill tons of CO2 per year
|
incentivizing alternatives
|
-bike racks
-parking for low emission vehicles
-bike paths
|
hidden costs of owning a car
|
insurance, license/registration, gas/oil, maintenance, tires, car washes, daily parking, costs you pay as taxpayer
|
the video taken for a ride was used to demonstrate:
|
-phenomenon of patch dependency
-how it was easier to make radical changes to transportation system decades ago
-the various ways the US has organized itself around the automobile
**ALL OF THE ABOVE
|
the vide taken for a ride documents how:
|
corporate interests systematically undermined public transportation in the US
|
street hierarchy
|
eliminates connections funneling traffic up the hierarchy
-cul-de-sac streets lay at lowest level of hierarchy, then collector streets, then arterial streets, then highways
|
case study: Salem, oregon
|
designers of a new sustainable community didn't follow hierarchy of streets, city planners noted their hands were tied and made them include a street hierarchy---geared towards cars
|
___residents tend to possess substantially smaller carbon footprints than residents elsewhere in the same country
|
urban
|
reasons urban areas tend to be more sustainable
|
-the conc of services and industries lessens the need to travel long distances
-dense cities generally have better public transportation
-residents of dense cities generally live in smaller residential dwellings
|
integration of public transportation important for which country
|
china
-newly announced 16000 square mile city, 48 million people
|
case study: home depot
|
-store location and size formula for company depend heavily on income range of families living in the service area; home depot decided to make smaller stores more frequently spaced; people not willing to drive
|
peak car hypothesis
|
motor vehicle traveled per capita has peaked in at least eight major developed countries
going down?
generation Y-below us
|
right of way conditions A:
|
full separation from all other modes and all cross traffic.
-most expensive but gives best performance
-high speed railway
|
right of way conditions B:
|
lateral separation such that it runs in a fully separate lane but can conflict with traffic at interactions.
-middle performance
-trollies/light rail train
|
right of way conditions C:
|
operating in mixed traffic, requires little investment beyond existing roadways and is thus least expensive
-slowest
-buses
|
multi modal
|
ability to choose among several modes for a trip
|
inter modal
|
the ability to make connections between modes
|
through loss of vehicle lanes traffic speeds have ___ bc of related transportation changes(more bus service, restrictions on cars)
|
picked up
-biodiversity up
-substantially cut air pollution and reduced air temps
|
alternatives to sprawl:new urbanism
|
promotes the creation and restoration of diverse, walkable, compact, vibrant, mixed-use communities composed of the same components as conventional development, but assembled in a more integrated fashion, in the form of complete communities
|
what is new urbanism?
|
-a planning &architectural movement initiated by american architects in the late 1980s
-a movement that aims to solve the problems of contemporary suburbia(urban sprawl, social segregation)
-in practice, it promotes higher densities, different housing types, pedestrian friendly areas, a…
|
walkable neighborhoods
|
clustering together to form relatively self-contained towns
-maximum five to ten minute walk to destination or to public transport
|
how do you expand a market?
|
necessity the mother of invention
-or invention the mother of necessity
-planned obsolescence
-prosperity through waste
|
prosperity through waste quote
|
if what had filled the consumer market yesterday could only be made obsolete today, that whole market would be again available tomorrow
|
factorings contributing such a non-ecological view of the world
|
-functional obsolescence
-visual obsolescence: make it look old
|
"aways"
|
a place where you can go to get away
-where you can scream and no one will hear you
-all disappeared in europe, remain in US--views on waste sinks reflected
|
frontier country
|
any country that has 6 or fewer people per square mile; 56% of US has frontier designation
|
poor total cost accounting
|
internalizing costs makes a difference; right now the way we internalize makes planned obsolescence make sense
|
matching
|
diderot effect (Dennis Diderot)
"regrets on parting w/ my old dressing gown"
-cycle of everything looking drabby compared to thing next to it
|
Thornstein Veblen
|
-class in middle ages easy to see
-we make value judgements when we see people; 1st impression on how they consume, goods they surround themselves with
-Conspicuous consumption: Waste; Leisure: vicarious consumption
|
Conspicuous consumption: waste
|
going to restaurant and buying more than you'd actually eat-bc you can
|
Conspicuous consumption: leisure
|
crap you bring back from vacation-to show off
|
Conspicuous consumption: vicarious consumption
|
giving kids expensive showy stuff, new cars
|
technology & norms
|
expectations of comfort changed; central air; fabric softeners
--become accustomed
|
branding
|
-consume symbols as much as we consume things
-differentiate those goods or services from those of the competition
-protect market share from comp. who attempt to provide products that appear to be identical
|
what car do you associate with safety?
|
volvo
|
what cola do you associate with youth?
|
mountain dew
|
what brand do you think Carl's Jr. is going after
|
18-30yo male
|
architectural branding
|
McDonalds
|
expansion advertising
|
the search for increased purchase frequency
-perfume--men=cologne
|
campbells soup
|
eating w/ nice family dinner, eat for breakfast
|
clorox bleach
|
clean counters, sinks and floors
|
heinz vinegar
|
clean windows
|
jell-O gelatin
|
use in recipes, eat after exercising, consume in liquid form as cold drink
|
coke or pepsi
|
drink in the morning
|
Burger king
|
celebrate small events, carry out for picnics
|