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SOC 220:Exam 2
point source pollution
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-comes from specific source, like a pipe
-factories, industry, municipal treatment plants
-can be monitored&controlled by a permit system
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nonpoint source pollution
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pollution associated w/ stormwater or runoff
-cannot be traced to a direct discharge point such as a wastewater treatment facility
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impervious surface
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-provides a surface for accumulation of pollutants
-leads to inc. polluted runoff and flooding
-inhibits recharge of groundwater
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virtual water
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shipping food over you're also shipping water:
-ground beef a huge offender- water that goes into producing feed conventionally raised beef cows
-prod of soda requires water 1:6 liters; now about 1:3.6
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five characteristics of water that many believe justify us pricing it with a little more care:
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-water is essential
-water is non-substitutable
-water is finite
-water is a system
-water is bulky
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Andrew Szasa, Shopping Our Way to Safety, argues:
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individualized solutions create political apathy
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major problems with desalination (15000 plants in 125 countries)
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-high cost
-death of marine organisms
-large quantity of brine wastes
-future economics
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Ashkelon Plant, the largest plant in 2005, supplies:
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15% of Israel's household water needs
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spring 2002: small rural community near Virginia-Kentucky border suffered:
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a "100" year flood for 2nd straight year
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what is a 100 year flood?
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the 1-percent AEP flood has a 1 in 100 chance of being equaled or exceeded in any 1 year, and it has an average recurrence interval of 100 years=100 year flood
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100 year flood initially called:
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california method
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____ year standard is the minimum for evaluation all federal and federally supported action in flood prone areas
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100
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when impervious cover of watershed reaches ___ stream channels begin experiencing erosion
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10%
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residential lawns are approx. ___ impervious, parking lots almost ___ impervious
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40%; 100%
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does this mean a 100% standard calculated yrs ago translates into an annual occurrence today at a level of probability greater than 100%?
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yes
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Mecklenburg Country in NC: calculated that flood heights, when area was fully developed, would be on avg ___ ft HIGHER than that shown on federal flood maps
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4.3
-the original maps developed in 1975, when the country had almost half of the population as it has today
-residences of Charlotte could have unknowingly built in a floodplain=ineligible for fed. subsidized flood insurance
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The documentary tapped highlights:
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the bottled water industry in the US
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china 1979
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monthly cash payments until 14; rural couples=add land; urban couples=+space public housing; priority in medical care, day care, school, otherwise paretns lose 5-10% annual income until youngest reaches 16
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china now
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de facto two child policy if 1st is girl
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Indian sexual ratio 107 males to 100 females; 50 million women went missing in indian population; WHY?
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-(outright) female infanticide
-(hidden) better food and healthcare for boys
-material death at childbirth (or once married)
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world pop growth will continue to inc from 5th billion year(1987) to 9th billion year (2048) =
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growth of 21 billion people
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huge increase in pop growth started
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1800s
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growth in less developed regions is:
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much greater than growth in more developed regions
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pop growth important to put into context of
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consumption
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Sub-Saharan Africa is growing at ___ rates w/ ___ emission growth
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high rates, low emission
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US is growing at ___ rates w/ ___ rates of emission growth
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low rates, high emissions
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average number of children per woman has:
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decreased
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less developed/lower income regions have a more ___ shaped age distribution, with a large number of ____ people
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pyramid, younger
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more developed/ higher income regions have a more ___ shaped age structure, with a relatively___ structure
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pencil, equal
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demographic inertia
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the fact that a time lag is to be expected before the FULL EFFECTS of changes to fertility rates are seen
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until kids get above ___, effects won't be seen
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child bearing age
-bc that's when the "one child policy" will go into effect
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WWII created a long period of:
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low birth rates in germany= greatly reduced numbers of youth
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if current fertility and immigration rates continue to 2050, Germany's population will:
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age dramatically
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South Africa w/ AIDS shows a loss of:
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middle aged persons and females
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USA: in 2050, only ___ will be over 60, compared w/ ___ in China and ___ in Japan
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25%
31%
41%
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the number of ___ born in the US is at an all time high, but their share of the total pop is still below that of 1910
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foreign-born
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In 1990, almost ___ of all US counties had less than 1% foreign born, and only ___ had 5% or more
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half
1/10
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by 2000, only __ of US counties had less than 1% foreign born, and ___ had 5% or more
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1/4
1/5
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carrying capacity depends on:
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-technology
-social, political,& economic institutions (distribution, regulation of production, etc)
-living styles &levels of consumption
-values, preferences, & moral judgements about how resources are used and by whom
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Malthusian theory of population growth:
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warned of impending doom based on pop projections
-pop grows geometrically (2, 4, 8) but food production grows arithmetically (2, 4, 6)
-limits included artificial birth control(morally wrong) or abstinence (unlikely)
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the video Pyramids of Waste: the Light Bulb Conspiracy details:
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-the re-engineering of products in the early 20th century to make them last less long
-planned obsolescence
-a light bulb that has been on for 100 yrs
**ALL OF THE ABOVE
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planned obsolescence has been utilized since:
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since at least the early 1900s
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socio-technical systems
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large technological systems (eg electric generation, distribution) cannot be fully understood as a set of independent technological artifacts but rather as complex systems
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path dependency
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the locking in to a certain way of doing things
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although most typists are right handed, current keyboard arrangement makes left hand do ___ of the work
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56%
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___ of the time 1 hand is used instead of two
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48%
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the two strongest fingers of the right hand are used for:
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2 rarely used letters-j and k
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how do we(society, government, taxpayers) incentivize choosing the car over other modes of transportation?
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build society around it; parking lots, work place farther away from homes, make bike/buses/other transportation harder(alt dis-incentivized)
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total space of free parking in US
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covers land equivalent to 74 manhattans
-could be used to generate 11 billion kwh of electricity per day (with solar panels)
-if covered 50% w/ trees could remove above 1 mill tons of CO2 per year
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incentivizing alternatives
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-bike racks
-parking for low emission vehicles
-bike paths
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hidden costs of owning a car
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insurance, license/registration, gas/oil, maintenance, tires, car washes, daily parking, costs you pay as taxpayer
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the video taken for a ride was used to demonstrate:
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-phenomenon of patch dependency
-how it was easier to make radical changes to transportation system decades ago
-the various ways the US has organized itself around the automobile
**ALL OF THE ABOVE
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the vide taken for a ride documents how:
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corporate interests systematically undermined public transportation in the US
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street hierarchy
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eliminates connections funneling traffic up the hierarchy
-cul-de-sac streets lay at lowest level of hierarchy, then collector streets, then arterial streets, then highways
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case study: Salem, oregon
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designers of a new sustainable community didn't follow hierarchy of streets, city planners noted their hands were tied and made them include a street hierarchy---geared towards cars
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___residents tend to possess substantially smaller carbon footprints than residents elsewhere in the same country
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urban
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reasons urban areas tend to be more sustainable
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-the conc of services and industries lessens the need to travel long distances
-dense cities generally have better public transportation
-residents of dense cities generally live in smaller residential dwellings
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integration of public transportation important for which country
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china
-newly announced 16000 square mile city, 48 million people
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case study: home depot
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-store location and size formula for company depend heavily on income range of families living in the service area; home depot decided to make smaller stores more frequently spaced; people not willing to drive
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peak car hypothesis
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motor vehicle traveled per capita has peaked in at least eight major developed countries
going down?
generation Y-below us
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right of way conditions A:
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full separation from all other modes and all cross traffic.
-most expensive but gives best performance
-high speed railway
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right of way conditions B:
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lateral separation such that it runs in a fully separate lane but can conflict with traffic at interactions.
-middle performance
-trollies/light rail train
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right of way conditions C:
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operating in mixed traffic, requires little investment beyond existing roadways and is thus least expensive
-slowest
-buses
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multi modal
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ability to choose among several modes for a trip
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inter modal
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the ability to make connections between modes
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through loss of vehicle lanes traffic speeds have ___ bc of related transportation changes(more bus service, restrictions on cars)
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picked up
-biodiversity up
-substantially cut air pollution and reduced air temps
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alternatives to sprawl:new urbanism
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promotes the creation and restoration of diverse, walkable, compact, vibrant, mixed-use communities composed of the same components as conventional development, but assembled in a more integrated fashion, in the form of complete communities
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what is new urbanism?
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-a planning &architectural movement initiated by american architects in the late 1980s
-a movement that aims to solve the problems of contemporary suburbia(urban sprawl, social segregation)
-in practice, it promotes higher densities, different housing types, pedestrian friendly areas, a mix of uses and social diversity w/in housing developments
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walkable neighborhoods
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clustering together to form relatively self-contained towns
-maximum five to ten minute walk to destination or to public transport
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how do you expand a market?
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necessity the mother of invention
-or invention the mother of necessity
-planned obsolescence
-prosperity through waste
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prosperity through waste quote
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if what had filled the consumer market yesterday could only be made obsolete today, that whole market would be again available tomorrow
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factorings contributing such a non-ecological view of the world
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-functional obsolescence
-visual obsolescence: make it look old
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"aways"
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a place where you can go to get away
-where you can scream and no one will hear you
-all disappeared in europe, remain in US--views on waste sinks reflected
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frontier country
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any country that has 6 or fewer people per square mile; 56% of US has frontier designation
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poor total cost accounting
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internalizing costs makes a difference; right now the way we internalize makes planned obsolescence make sense
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matching
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diderot effect (Dennis Diderot)
"regrets on parting w/ my old dressing gown"
-cycle of everything looking drabby compared to thing next to it
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Thornstein Veblen
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-class in middle ages easy to see
-we make value judgements when we see people; 1st impression on how they consume, goods they surround themselves with
-Conspicuous consumption: Waste; Leisure: vicarious consumption
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Conspicuous consumption: waste
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going to restaurant and buying more than you'd actually eat-bc you can
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Conspicuous consumption: leisure
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crap you bring back from vacation-to show off
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Conspicuous consumption: vicarious consumption
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giving kids expensive showy stuff, new cars
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technology & norms
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expectations of comfort changed; central air; fabric softeners
--become accustomed
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branding
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-consume symbols as much as we consume things
-differentiate those goods or services from those of the competition
-protect market share from comp. who attempt to provide products that appear to be identical
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what car do you associate with safety?
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volvo
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what cola do you associate with youth?
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mountain dew
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what brand do you think Carl's Jr. is going after
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18-30yo male
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architectural branding
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McDonalds
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expansion advertising
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the search for increased purchase frequency
-perfume--men=cologne
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campbells soup
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eating w/ nice family dinner, eat for breakfast
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clorox bleach
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clean counters, sinks and floors
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heinz vinegar
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clean windows
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jell-O gelatin
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use in recipes, eat after exercising, consume in liquid form as cold drink
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coke or pepsi
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drink in the morning
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Burger king
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celebrate small events, carry out for picnics
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