GradeBuddy SOC 220 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 15Lecture 11 (March 4)• Chapter 4: Biodiversity: Society Wouldn’t Exist Without it• Human “health”: a state of complete mental, physical, and social well-being and not merely the absences of disease of infirmity• Quality of Life:• Enhanced by biodiversity• Boosts mental and spiritual health• Recreation• Enriches human knowledge• Therapeutic applications: medicinal/plant resources• Global herbal medicine market: 43 Billion annually• Vitamins• Supplements• Food• Biodiversity: places limits on infectious disease through biological controls that reign in disease vectors (mosquito/tick carries disease causing microorganisms from one host to another)• Ecosystem is biologically diverse, predation keeps all species under control• Biodiversity dependent “services” are infinite in value to us ant the entire world• These services cannot be reduced into $$$ figures (people try)• Cannot put a price tag on Eco services provided by ecosystem...• It sustains us beyond human monetary constructs...yes beyond money• Fast Facts:• 2010 more than 1.7 million species identified. Many not discovered• Total species diversity estimate: close to 10 billion (30 billion some sources)• Deep sea exploration: more species than imagined, fishing greatest threat... glorification of fishing/media/shows• Species loss: happening at tragic and alarming rate• Many before being discovered: 27,000 annually 74/day• Extinction rate: 1000 X historical background rate• We are currently experiencing the greatest mass extinction of all timeLecture 12 (March 6) • Biodiversity vs. “Biodiversity”• Species richness (biodiversity)• Genetic richness (within and across species)• Ecological diversity (ecosystem services and habitat)• “Species Problem”: inherent ambiguity surrounding the use and definition of the species concept• Biological Species concept: (property of reproductive isolation)• Tends to overemphasize gene flow between populations• Ecological Species concept: (speciation through ecological selection)• Phylogenetic Species concept: (property of common decent)• Biodiversity Hot Spots: a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans• Biodiversity Hot Spots and problem of concept “ecosystem”: • Tropical rain forests, important ecosystem services (climate regulation, nutrient cycling)• Wetlands and marshes ignored, still provide essential services (erosion control, nutrient cycling, storm protection, water purification)• How we come to value and recognize one over another• Humans: a species that creates and alters ecosystems and should indeed measure into biodiversity, other than only being a negative factor? • Biodiversity Services• Agriculture:• No amount of tech can replace nature• Makes soil habitable for plant growth• Central to breakdown of nutrients• Makes pollination possible• Pest Control• Future of food security: plant breeding• GMO vs. Hybrid Very different• Pollination• Patents • Poison • Patience • Forests:• Commercial forestry depends on biodiversity for NC and PC• Hunting $$• Wild food $$• Firewood $$• Nature watching $$• Spaces for recreation $$• “Value”• Creativity • Inspiration• Religious/Spiritual• Cultural• Fisheries:• Fish catch dependent on functioning diverse ecosystem• Supplies nutrients, prey species, habitats, water quality• Sustenance vs. Sport Fishing• Water:• Recycling nutrients assuring desirable water quality for:• Agriculture• Fisheries• Human consumption• Biocultural Diversity • Fact: Cultural diversity does not merely parallel bio diversity, but is profoundly interconnected with it. • We are the greatest threat to biodiversity...but we are not an inherent risk are we?• Can humans be a positive factor on biodiversity • Approaches to biological conservation• Ex situ: sampling, transferring, storing, of a species, in a place other than the original location in which it was found. • In situ: Management of a species at the location of discovery• Grown in recent decades, more complete conservation, makes room for sociological dynamics.• Biologically diverse hotspots are also its:• Cultural hotspots: biogeographic region w/ a significant reservoir of cultural diversity under threat of extinction • Human/Tribal Cultural extinction already taking place...for some time• Language=culture• Food• Biodiversity for living• Logging• Human tourism• Knowledge: Putting it to work, or not...• Has to be practiced for it to pass on and exist • Cultural knowledge tied to traditional crops is rooted in practice, cultural transmission• Once lost• Biopiracy: The loss of biodiversity through legal and illegal means• Bioprospecting....(term used by those doing it)• When folk knowledge or biological artifacts are exploited for commercial gain without compensation to those who discovered or originated it• Developing nations owed: 5 billion • Patent laws take the right of calling it their own from indigenous people• Indigenous knowledge: knowledge unique to a given community, culture, or society• Many are oral, instead doing instead of writing it down• Thus man can be freely plundered for private gain, even though it has been knowledge • Many laws make biopiracy illegalLecture 13 (March 11)• Chapter 5: Water - There’s No Substitute• Fast Facts:• Water cycle does not favor continents equally: 6 countries account for 1/2 the worlds renewable freshwater. Brazil, Canada, China, Columbia, Indonesia, and Russia• 70% of all freshwater used by humans goes to agriculture (industry 22%, 8 municipalities)• A per capita freshwater supply below 100 cubic meters places countries in severe water stress category: many countries • Water Footprint• Varies widely• Indicator of freshwater use that looks at both direct and indirect water use of a consumer or a producer• Domestic WF• We use a lot of water as a country, so do many• Population and water linked• Virtual Water: refers to the water used during the growing, making, or manufacturing of a given commodity• A lot of water is used to make our common commodities• Climate Change will drastically alter the water cycle• As means atmospheric temps rise, the water holding capacity of the air increases