134 Cards in this Set
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Race
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a group or collection of people classified together based on their nationality, physical characteristics, or nationality
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Construction of Race
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Race is socially constructed; it is fluid
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Direct Political Knowledge
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Learning about a political issue or event first-hand; experiencing it there in person
Example: Seeing Obama's speech in person here at UT
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Indirect Political Knowledge
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Learning about a political issue or event indirectly though the newspapers, TV, internet, or etc.; experiencing an event second-hand
Example: Seeing Obama's speech on TV
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Cognitive Shortcuts
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Ideas that allow us to make decisions about certain things with very little information
Example: Making educated guesses on tests
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Racial Stereotype
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Characteristics that we ascribe to a certain group of people based on cognitive short cuts
Example: assume that because a woman has fair skin, she is white
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Racial Consciousness
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How you perceive your own race
You don't develop this until you believe that your race is ILLEGITIMATELY inferior to another group
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Racial Ideology
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Guiding beliefs that help us make decisions about people a part of certain races
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Racism
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An action exercised through racial discrimination
The stigmatizing of differences in an effort to feel superior physically, economically, or socially
Example: noticing patterns about certain people belonging to certain races is not racism; threatening them is racism
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Individual Racism
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A type of racism
A racist act from one person to another
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Institutional Racism
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A type of racism
Public or private entities that have racism built into their very fibers and laws
Example: Jim Crow Laws
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Overt Racism
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A type of racism
Being openly and obviously racist
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Covert Racism
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A type of racism
A more subtle kind of racism
Example: Felony Disenfranchisement Laws - targeted at blacks to keep them from voting
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White Privilege
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Certain privileged people have societal benefits that they don't even realize
Example: white people able to find a doll of their own color so easily
Example of covert racism
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Internalized Racism
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An internal hate towards one's own race
Example: you get your skin bleached because you don't think highly of your race; checking race on your SAT test makes you do worse on the test
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Sources of Internalized Racism - Blacks
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Jim Crow Laws
Slavery
Slave Trade
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Sources of Internalized Racism - Latinos
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Spanish-American War - attempt to assimilate Cubans
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Sources of Internalized Racism - American Indians
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Reservations
Indian Removal Act
Assimilation of Indians
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Sources of Internalized Racism - Asian Americans
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Japanese Internment Camps
Chinese Exclusion Law
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Sources of Internalized Racism - Multiracial Americans
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Miscegenation Laws - prohibited interracial marriage
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Racial Solidarity
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Looking out for one's own race
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Mass Media
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Tools of communication to convey messages to an audience
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Mass Communication
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The process of communication using technology to convey messages to a large unknown audience
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Linkage Institution
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MEDIA IS A LINKAGE INSTITUTION!
Media links government officials and the public. An effective media is one that results in informed citizens and accountable political leaders.
Political parties, Media, Interest Groups = Linkage institutions as well
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Functions of the Mass Media
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Surveillance
Interpretation
Socialization
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Surveillance
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Media watches over and keeps track of political officials so as to inform the public about important policy initiatives and the like.
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Interpretation
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The media is responsible for interpreting and contextualizing information for the public so that we can better understand things
Example: Scientific breakthrough
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Socialization
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The media is responsible for showing the public how to have good manners, how to dress properly, and other kinds of norms like staying clothed in public
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Models of Mass Media
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Reporters of Objective Fact Model
Neutral Adversary Model
Public Advocate Model
Profit-seeker Model
Propagandist Model
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Reporters of Objective Fact Model
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The media's sole purpose is to provide a factual and accurate picture of the world
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Neutral Adversary Model
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The media's sole purpose is to act as a check on government
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Public Advocate Model
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The media's sole purpose is to engage newsmakers and newsreaders in an open debate about issues; more of a forum where people are used more often as sources
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Profit-seeker Model
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The sole purpose of the media is to treat the public as consumers - and present the kind of media that will bring profit
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Propagandist Model
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The sole purpose of the media is to legitimize the powers that be; to support and advance the interests of those in power
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Gatekeeping
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OCCURS WHEN a small number of journalists have the final say on what will be released to the media
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Effects of Gatekeeping
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-The same people keep showing up in the media
-More action is shown
-Reporters tend to favor the President so as to remain on the White House's good side
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Muckraking
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Investigative journalism that results in some type of political action
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Chart of Muckraking
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Investigative Journalism --> Publication --> Public Opinion --> Policy Initiatives --> Policy Consequences
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Problems with Muckraking
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-Reduces the pool of people willing to run for a political office
-Contributes to growing cynicism into thinking that the government is dirty and corrupt
-More important things could be covered
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Selective Access
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When an official gives a reporter extra/greater information as a reward or bribe for past or future favorable coverage
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Types of News Coverage
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Fully Controlled
Partially Controlled
Uncontrolled
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Fully Controlled News Coverage
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Your message is portrayed to the audience exactly how you intended it
Example: Issues of National Security
Example: Pseudo-event
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Pseudo-event
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Staged Event that was created to only secure positive media coverage
Example: President pardons a turkey
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Partially Controlled News Coverage
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Your message is somewhat diluted with information from other sources; not exactly how you intended it
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Uncontrolled News Coverage
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Politicians have no control over the way they're covered at all
Example: President cheats on his wife and he has no control over what the media says about it
Example: Leak and Trial Balloon
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Leak
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Information given by a politician who signs an agreement with a reporter to not use his (the politician's name)
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Trial Balloon
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A reporter's test on a political official; talks about a certain issue with an official just to see his reaction
Type of Leak
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"Going Public"
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The president's attempt to win over public opinion so as to sway Congress towards his favorable policies
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Methods of Controlling the News
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Legal
Economic
Normative
Structural
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Legal - Method of Controlling the News
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Laws or court cases restrict the media
Example: Court case rules obscenity cannot be shown at certain times in the media
Example: Prior Restraint
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Prior Restraint
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A law established to restrict the publication of certain types of news stories
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Economic - Method of Controlling the News
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If you can't get sponsorship you won't be able to air your program
Example: Skins
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Libel
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False statement defaming someone
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Obscenity
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Sexually explicit material that is prohibited from being published
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Party Press
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The relationship between media and government; newspapers were central to the competitive political factions
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Commercial Newspapers
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After the revolution, newspapers began focusing on more business and commerce views
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Penny Press
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Some newspapers that sold for a penny; allowed the media to be readily available to the mass public
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Yellow Journalism
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Sensationalized stories
Example: Tabloid Journalism
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Tabloid Journalism
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Journalism about sex, scandals, and corruption
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Postmodern Campaign
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The campaigning scene has become permanent for officials; now they have a media strategist and political consultant
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Hard news
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Stories that focus on the details of concrete events
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Narrowcasting
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The development of media targeting specialized or fragmented audiences
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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A law against libel that prohibited people from criticizing the government
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New York Times vs. Sullivan
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Commissioner Sullivan sued the NY Times for publishing an ad that defamed him. Overturned because it did not explicitly mention him
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Equal Time Provision
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Policy that every viable candidate running for office had to have equal time on a broadcasting station
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Public Broadcasting
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US programming including radio, TV, and electronic media that receives some or all funding from the public
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Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
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Act that established Public Broadcasting in the US
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Fairness Doctrine
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Policy that said broadcasting stations had to give enough time to go over important issues but also allow for contrasting viewpoints to be heard
Example: after State of the Union, other party gets to speak
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Deregulation of Media
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Came as a result of the media favoring the media elites too much.
An attempt to balance the interests of the government, media elites, and public
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Telecommunications Act of 1996
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Eliminated the ownership on TV, Radio, and Cable stations
A part of deregulation
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SMCR model
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Sender, Message, Channel, Receiver
AND FEEDBACK to sender
Channel differs for each audience
Receiver may receive messages differently based on predispositions
Noise in the background might dilute message (Example: millions of ads as well as your own)
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Media Effects
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Cognitive
Affective
Behavioral
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Cognitive Media Effects
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Would change a person's knowledge base, belief, or information
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Affective Media Effects
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Would change how a person feels/their emotional state
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Behavioral Media Effect
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Would change a person's behavior
Example: voting
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Areas of Communication Research
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Campaign
Definition of social reality or norms
Immediate Response or Reaction
Institutional Change
Changes in culture and society
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Campaign - Area of Communication Research
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An operation that is planned to achieve some kind of goal
Any kind of advertising
Example: Women trust Lifetime/ESPN
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Definition of Social Reality and Norms - Area of Communication Research
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More unplanned or unintentional
Media provides a version of facts, norms, values, or expectations
Example: Trends!
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The immediate response or reaction - Area of Communication Research
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Collective responses that develop as a result of watching some type of media
Example: War of the Worlds, Haiti
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Institutional Change - Area of Communication Research
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Social institutions adopt media norms
Example: Senate and HOR have TV studios nearby in case of an interview
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Changes in culture and society - Area of Communication Research
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Culture and society change as a result of change in media
Example: Facebook chat > coffee chat
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Media Moderators
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Personal characters or factors that help determine how the media is going to affect you
Examples: predispositions, demographics, personal experiences, vulnerability effects --> selective retention/perception/exposure
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Theories of Media Effects (goes with Media Moderator)
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Hypodermic Needle Model
Minimal Effects Model
Contingent Effects Model
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Hypodermic Needle Model -model of media effects
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The idea that media will affect everyone in the same way
AKA - magic bullet theory, transmission belt theory
Deals with the Mass Society Theory
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Mass Society Theory
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That every individual doesn't really interact with each other and that they do whatever their political leaders wish
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Minimal Effects Model- model of media effects
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The idea that every individual won't be affected much at all after watching something in the media or just that their personal beliefs will be reinforced or strengthened
Deals with Opinion Leaders
Deals with Two-Step Flow
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Opinion Leaders
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Like a PTA member, someone who is interested and informed about the media and communicates it to uninterested or uninformed members of society
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Two-Step Flow
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The operation of the mass communication process with information going from the media to opinion leaders and from opinion leaders to the mass public
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Contingent Effects Model- model of media effects
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The idea that media will affect every person differently based on their beliefs
Deals with selective retention, selective perception, and selective exposure
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Selective Exposure
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The tendency of an individual to watch/listen/read only those things that are consistent with their beliefs
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Selective Perception
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The tendency of an individual to interpret some type of media in a way that is consistent with their beliefs
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Selective Retention
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The tendency of an individual to retain only that information that is consistent with their beliefs
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Medium
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The means by which a message is conveyed to an audience
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Mode
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Whether a message was in the form of audio or visual
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Message
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Content/Information communicated over a mass medium
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Political Socialization
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How individuals learn about politics
Example: mock elections
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Video Malaise
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The theory that the nature of TV coverage explains the growing political cynicism
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Print Superiority Thesis
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The idea that people learn more from newspapers
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Social Capital
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A phenomenon in which individuals trust each other and such positive attitude results in a more successful democracy
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Attribution Theory
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The theory that an individual learns information as he or she processes it
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Agenda-Setting
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The media's ability to help a person or institution decide what is most important based on what they cover
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Agenda-Setting Effect
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You have certain beliefs and priorities, but since the news brings up different ones, you reorder your priorities
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Institutional Agenda Setting
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If the media covers an issue, there is a higher probability that the government will do something about it
Example: CNN Effect
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CNN Effect
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The idea that if the media provides some dramatic news coverage on an issue, the government will respond
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Media Agenda-Setting
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How the media chooses to include stories in news coverage
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Public Agenda-Setting
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The process by which the public comes to view some issues as more important than others because of the media
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Agenda Setting Process
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Media Agenda --> Public Agenda --> Policy Agenda --> back to Media Agenda
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Accessibility Theory
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The idea that the things you learn more recently are more accessible
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Framing
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The ability to decide what aspect of a story/issue to cover
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Types of Frames
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Episodic- short, isolated human interest story
Thematic- story placed in social context, involving a large group of people
Ethical- emphasizes human values
Material- emphasizes the bottom line
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Priming
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The ability of the media to base your evaluation of the government as a result of what the media covers
Example: Sociotropic Voting
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Sociotropic Voting
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The effect of the individual's judgment on how the government is doing based on the media's portrayal of how the economy is doing
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Phases of Non-White Groups in the Media
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Exclusionary Phase
Threatening Phase
Confrontation Phase
Stereotypical Selection Phase
Multicultural Phase
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Phases of Treatment of Blacks in Films
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Plantation genre- slavery
Contemporary revisionist images of slavery- blacks like slavery
Blaxploitation films- alternative media
Hollywood conservative Backlash films- blacks supporting roles
Resurgent boom of Black Films- blacks central roles
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Subservient- Black Stereotypes
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Mammies- purpose is to serve white family
Toms- good Negro even if harassed
Coons- comic relief; pickaninny, Uncle Remus, pure coon
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Sexual Stereotypes
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Bucks
Pimps
Whores
Hypersexualize blacks
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Stereotypes of Incompleteness
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Mulattos- biracial; example: Pinky
Man-children- adults who like like children
Matriarchs- aggressive, domineering women that emasculate men
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Blacks: System Supportive Themes
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White Man's Burden - white help black
Black prejudice - black hate white
Black support of the status quo - black like way it is
Huck Finn Fixation- black help white
Assimilationist Theme- change characteristics
"See no evil" - race in the past
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Indian Stereotypes
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Good- Helper (knowledgeable) and Victim (Honorable)
Bad- Sadistic Warriors (Natives seen scalping)
Appear degraded and weak
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Indians: System Supportive Themes
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Indians lumped together as one
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Latino Stereotypes
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Male
- Violent Villains - dishonest El Bandito
- Buffoons/Simpletons - broken English/limited intellectual capacity
- Latin Lover - suave, sensual (Antonio Banderas)
Female
- Half Breed Harlot - hypersexualized
- Female Clown - sexualized but comical
- The Dark Lady - want but ca…
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Asian American Stereotypes
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Nerd
Mystic
Dangerous Foreigners
Women: dragon lady, lotus blossom
Men: asexual helper
GOOD ASIANS: wise, sage-type
BAD ASIANS: violent and aggressive
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Kerner Commission Report
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Purpose was to investigate the 1967 race riot in the urban US cities
Saw that media wasn't giving blacks any favorable news coverage which probably had a factor in the race riot
Recommendation: make more blacks gatekeepers
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US Civil Rights Commission
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Need casting directors, producers, and newscasters, to be more diverse to accurately represent minorities in the media because those are the key decision making positions
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Motion Picture Association of America
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A system of voluntary ratings indicating the audience for which the movie is intended
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Alternative Media
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Media that is for minorities, by minorities
Deals with Parallel Sphere
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Parallel Sphere
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Places where groups without mainstream press create alternatives to mainsteram network
Deals with Alternative Media
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Media Discourse
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According to Larson, an underlying message that runs through mass media which tends to reinforce the dominant ideology - the racial status quo
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Models of Newsmaking
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How newspapers or newsmedia decide what's worth covering
Human interest
Concrete events
Timeliness
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Exclusion
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The act of leaving someone out
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Selective Exclusion
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White-wash a minority
Relegating a race to certain genres, roles, and stories
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Factors Shaping Modern Media
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Markets - money
Technology - development of radio/internet
Mass Politics - interest of the public
Interest of the Elite
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Racial Status Quo
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Whites are superior to all other races
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"The Apprentice"
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One black character is the "good" : excelled and got ahead in the show
Other is lazy and not agreeable
Reinforces to the white audience that any racial issue is not as a result of whites, but a result of the sociopolitical system
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Study Guide: Exam 2