60 Cards in this Set
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Why do people join groups? (3)
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1) Provide information
2) Help us define our identity
3) Establish social norms
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2 reasons for the homogeneity of groups
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1) Groups tend to attract people who are already similar before they join
2) Groups tend to operate in ways that encourage similarity in members
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People are more likely to adopt a cooperative strategy if: (2)
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1) Doing something with a friend
2) Expecting to interact with this partner in the future
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'Tit-for-Tat' Strategy
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A means of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperative or competitively) on the previous trial
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Negotiation
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A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree
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Integrative Solution (2)
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1) Parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests
2) Each slide concedes the most on issues that are unimportant to it but important to the other side
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Social Facilitation
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The tendency for people to do better on simple tasks, and worse on complex tasks, when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated
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Social Loafing (5)
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1) The tendency for people to do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks when individual performance cannot be evaluated
2) When in the presence of others performance cannot be distinguished from those around them
3) This causes relaxation. Becoming relaxed impairs performance…
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Social Role (2)
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1) Shared expectations in a group about how particular people are supposed to behave
2) If enmeshed in a role, individual identities and personalities can get lost
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Group Cohesiveness (2)
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1) Qualities of a group that bind members together and promote liking between members
2) The more cohesive the group is, the more its members are likely to stay in the group, take part in their activities, and try to recruit new like-minded members.
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Deindividuation (4)
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1) When the loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people cannot be differentiated (like when in a crowd)
2) Leads to increase in impulsive and deviant acts
3) Makes them feel less accountable because it reduces the likelihood that any individual will be singled out and blamed…
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Process Loss (2)
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1) Any aspect of group interaction that inhibits good problem solving
2) For example, failure to share unique information: groups tend to focus on the information they share and ignore facts unknown to only some members of the group.
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Groupthink
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Type of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner
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Groupthink is most likely to occur when the group is: (3)
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1) Highly cohesive
2) Isolated from contrary opinions
3) Ruled by a directive leader who makes his or her wishes known
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How to avoid groupthink (4)
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1) Remain impartial; hear both sides of story
2) Seek outside opinions
3) Create subgroups
4) Seek anonymous opinions
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Group Polarization
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1) Tendency for groups to make decision that are more extreme than the initial inclinations of its members
2) Why? Because of persuasive arguments interpretation & social comparison interpretation
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Persuasive Arguments Interpretation vs. Social Comparison Interpretation
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Per- Individuals bring to the group a set of arguments, some of which other individuals have not considered
Soc- When people discuss an issue in a group, they first explore how everyone else feels
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Task and Relationship-oriented leaders (2)
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1) Transactional Leaders: leaders who set clear, short-term goals and reward people who meet them (day-to-day jobs, good at being department managers)
2) Transformation Leaders: leaders who inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals (innovators that take company in new directi…
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The (1) states that there are 2 basic types of leadership
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Contingency Theory of Leadership
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2 Basic Types of Leadership
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1) Task-Oriented Leader: (a) concerned more with getting the job done with workers' feelings/relationships (b) most effective in high-control work situation somewhat effective in low-control work situations
2) Relationship-Oriented Leader: (a) leader who is concerned primarily with worke…
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Glass Cliff
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Women are thought to be better at managing crises (especially interpersonal ones). Because of this, they'e put in precarious positions more often to where it is difficult to succeed
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Causes of Attraction (7)
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1) Propinquity Effect
2) Functional Distance
3) Similarity
4) Reciprocal Liking
5) Physical Attractiveness
6) Familiarity
7) Cultural Standards
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Propinquity Effect
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The more we see and interact with people, the more likely they are to become our friends
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Mere Exposure Effect
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More contact = more liking
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For committed relationships, it's best to (1), for 'flings' it's best to (2)
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1) Choose similar partner
2) Choose dissimilar partners
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Reciprocal Liking (2)
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1) We like people who like us
2) For initial attraction, reciprocal liking can overcome differences in attitudes and appearance
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(1) are more likely than (2) to report that attraction is important
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1) Men
2) Women
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Facial Characteristics desired in women (6)
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1) Large eyes
2) Small nose and chin
3) Prominent cheekbones, narrow cheeks
4) High eyebrows
5) Large pupils
6) Big smile
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Facial Characteristics desired in men (4)
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1) Large eyes
2) Prominent cheekbones
3) Large chin
4) Big smile
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Sternberg's Triangle Theory of Love
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Love consists of intimacy (psychological closeness to another person), passion (emotional/sexual arousal to person), and commitment (decisions one makes about relationship)
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Infatuation vs. Empty Love vs. Liking
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Infatuation- passion only
Empty Love- commitment only
Liking- intimacy only
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Fatuous Love vs. Romantic Love vs. Companionate Love vs. Consummate Love
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Fatuous- commitment and passion
Roman- intimacy and passion
Compan- intimacy and commitment
Consum- intimacy, passion, and commitment
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Attachment Styles
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The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants
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3 Types of Attachments
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1) Secure Attachment Style
2) Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style
3) Avoidant Attachment Style
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Secure Attachment Styles
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Trust, a lack of concern with being abandoned, and the view that one is worthy and well-liked
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Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment Style (2)
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1) Concern that others will not reciprocate one's desire for intimacy, resulting in higher-than-average levels of anxiety
2) Seen in people whose childhood involved a parent with inconsistency brought on by substance abuse and mental illness
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Avoidant Attachment Style (3)
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1) Suppression of attachment needs, because attempts to be intimate have been rebuffed
2) Find it difficult to develop intimate relationships
3) Seen in people whose childhood involved a parent who was not involved nor emotionally engaged
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Social Exchange Theory (3)
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One's feelings about a relationship depend on the (a) perceptions of rewards and costs, (b) kind of relationship we believe we deserve and (c) chance of having a better relationship with someone else
2) Comparison level (rewards/punishments expected in current relationship) vs. Compariso…
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Equity Theory (3
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1) People are happiest with relationships in which the rewards and costs experienced and both parties' contributions are equal
2) If over-benefitted, person devotes little time and energy to relationship
3) If under-benefitted, there are few rewards and alot of costs
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Investment Model
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People's commitment to a relationship also depends on how much they have invested in the relationship that would be lost by leaving it
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Fatal Attraction (3)
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1) Qualities that attracted you are the same qualities that are disliked the most at breakup
2) Account for 30% of breakups
3) Demonstrates the importance of similarity
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy (2)
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1) The beautiful receive a great deal of social attention
2) Helps them develop good social skills
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Prosocial Behavior vs. Altruism
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Pro- Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person. You expect anything in return
Alt- The desire to help another person even if it involves a cost to the helper
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Kin Selection (3)
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1) Idea that behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection
2) Increase chances genes will be passed along by ensuring that genetic relatives have children
3) Natural selection should favor altruistic acts directed toward genetic relatives
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Norm of Reciprocity
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The expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future
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Why do we help? (5)
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1) Norm of reciprocity
2) Investment in the future
3) Relief of bystander distress
4) Gain rewards (social approval, feeling of self-worth)
5) Mood
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Why we don't help (3)
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1) Physical danger/pain
2) Time
3) Possibility of embarrassment
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Social Exchange Theory argues that (1) doesn't exist and that people (2)
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1) True altruism doesn't exist
2) help when the benefits outweigh the costs
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Empathy
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The ability to put oneself in the shoes of another person and to experience events and emotions the way that person experiences them
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Empathy-altruism Hypothesis
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The idea that when we feel empathy for a person, we will attempt to help that person purely for altruistic reasons, regardless of what we have to gain
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Helping behaviors in males vs. females (2)
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1) Males are more likely to perform heroic or chivalrous acts
2) Females are more likely to be helpful in long-term relationships that involve greater commitment
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Helping behaviors in culture differences (3)
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1) People in all cultures are more likely to help anyone they define as a member of their in-group
2) We will help in-group members when we feel empathy
3) We will help out-group members when it furthers our own self-interests
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In-group vs. Out-group
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In-group: the group with which an individual identifies as a member
Out-group: any group with which an individual does not identify
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Negative-State Relief Hypothesis
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Idea that people help in order to alleviate their own sadness and distress
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Urban Overload Hypothesis (2)
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1) People living in cities are constantly being bombarded with stimulation and they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it
2) If they move to a smaller town they would be more likely to help
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Residential Mobility (2)
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1) People who have lived for a long time in one place are more likely to engage in prosocial behaviors that help community
2) Greater attachment, more inter-dependence with neighbors, greater concern with one's reputation in the community
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5 Step Model for deciding to help
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1) Notice the event
2) Interpret the event as an emergency where help is needed
3) Assume responsibility
4) Know how to help
5) Deciding to implement the help
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Pluralistic Ignorance
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Bystanders' assuming that nothing is wrong in an emergency because no one else looks concerned
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Diffusion of Responsibility
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Each bystander's responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases (reasons for bystander effect)
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What will increase the likelihood that bystanders will intervene (2)
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1) Being aware of the barriers to helping in an emergency can increase people's chances of overcoming those barriers
2) People who know about bystander effects can realize that if they don't act, perhaps no one will
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PSYC 3110: Chapter 12