PSYC 3110: Chapter 12
52 Cards in this Set
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Define: Aggression
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intentional behavior aimed at doing harm or causing pain to another person
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What are the 2 types of aggression?
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1) instrumental aggression
2) hostile aggression
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Define: Instrumental Aggression
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aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
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Define: Hostile Aggression
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aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain
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Who is more aggressive? Male or Female?
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Males are more aggressive. According to evolutionary theory, males behave aggressively to secure status. Females choose male who offers the greatest protection and resources. Males aggress "jealously" to ensure their paternity.
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What are the two reasons for why males are theorized to aggress for two reasons?
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1) establish dominance over other males and secure the highest possible status.
2) males aggress out of sexual jealousy, to ensure that their mate is not having sex with others, thereby ensuring their paternity
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What is the hormone that fuels male aggression?
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Testosterone. Both sexes have this, but it is more prominent in males. Naturally occurring testosterone levels are significantly higher among prisoners convicted of violent crimes than among those convicted of nonviolent crimes. Also, juvenile delinquents have higher testosterone levels t…
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Is aggression innate or learned?
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Aggression is determined by the animal's previous social experiences as well as by the specific social context in which the animals find itself. Nearly all organisms also seem to have evolved strong inhibitory mechanisms that enable them to suppress aggression when it is in their best int…
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Can you give some examples of aggression in other animals?
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An example is cats are stereotyped to kill rats. Kuo did an experiment to break this myth. He raised a kitten in the same cage with a rat. Not only did the cat refrain from attacking the rat, but the two became close companions. Moreover, when given the opportunity, the cat refused either…
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Why do psychologists believe that aggression is an optional strategy?
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We all have the capacity for aggressive behavior, but it matters on these questions: how, whether, when, and where we express it, it's learned, and the circumstances and our culture. Because of this complexity in important social interactions, for human beings the social situation becomes…
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Can you give an example of why aggression is an optional strategy because of circumstance and culture?
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Each participant "accidentally" bumped into by the experimenter's confederate, who then insulted them by calling him a denigrating name. Compared with northern white males (who tended to simply shrug off the insult), southerners were more likely to think their masculine reputation was thr…
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Who has more physical aggression in males or females?
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males.
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Who has more relational aggression? Males or females
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Females. Women and girls tend to commit relational aggression, aggression that harms another person through the manipulation of relationships, usually in such covert acts as gossiping, backbiting, and spreading false rumors about the target person or shunning or excluding that person.
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what is a gender similarity in dealing with gender and aggression?
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response to provocation
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What is a physiological influence on aggression?
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alcohol
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Can you explain why alcohol increases aggression?
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reduces inhibitions
disrupts information processing
"think drink" effect - expectations about the effects of alcohol influence behavior more than amount of alcohol drunk.
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How does alcohol influence aggression?
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it is a disinhibitor. It reduces our social inhibitions, making us less cautious than we usually are. It appears to disrupt the way we usually process information. This means that intoxicated people often respond to the earliest and most obvious aspects of a social situation.
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What happens when people expect alcohol to have certain effects on them?
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when people expect that alcohol will "release" their aggressive impulses, they often do become more aggressive - even when they are drinking something nonalcoholic.
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What increases aggression?
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pain and discomfort (heat, humidity, air pollution, and offensive odors).
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Define: Frustration-Aggression Theory
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the idea that frustration - the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal - increases the probability of an aggressive response.
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Can you explain the field experiment conducted by Harris in 1974?
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A confederate cut in line in front of people who were waiting in a variety of places - for movie tickets, outside crowded restaurants, and at the checkout counter of the supermarket. On some occasions, the confed. cut in front of the 2nd person in line; at others, in front of the 12th. Th…
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Can you explain what happens when frustration and aggression increase? (Harris, 1974)
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one such factor involves your closeness to the goal or the object of your desire. The closer the goal, the greater the expectation of pleasure that is thwarted; the greater the expectation, the more likely the aggression.
Aggression can also increase when frustration is unexpected.
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Does Frustration always produce aggression? Why or Why not?
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frustration does not always produce aggression. Rather, it seems to produce anger or annoyance and a readiness to aggress if other things about the situation are conducive to aggressive behavior.
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Define 3 ways in which Frustration and aggression link?
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size and strength of the person responsible for your frustration
person's ability to retaliate
proximity of the person
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The likelihood of aggression is reduced when frustration is (3)
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understandable
legitimate
unintentional
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What is Relative (not absolute) deprivation related to?
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it is linked to frustration and aggression. People perceive a discrepancy between what they have and what they think they should have.
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What is the distinction between deprivation and frustration?
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children who don't have toys do not aggress more than children who do. In the toy experiment, frustation and aggression occurred because the children had every reason to expect to play with the toys, and their reasonable expectation was thwarted; this thwarting was what caused the childre…
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Give an example of Relative Deprivation and aggression
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the nationwide race riots of 1967 and 1968 occurred in the middle of rising expectations and increased social spending to fight poverty. the most serious riots in that era occurred in la&detroit where things were not nearly as bad for blacks as they were in most other large urban centers.…
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Define: Aggressive Stimulus
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an object that is associated with aggressive responses and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression.
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Can you give an example of aggressive objects as cues
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Archer & colleagues asked teenagers from the US & other countries to read stories involving conflict among people & to predict the outcome of the conflict. Amer. teens were more likely to anticipate a violent conclusion to the conflict than teenagers from other countries. the violent conc…
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Define: Social Learning Theory
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the idea that we learn social behavior (e.g., aggression) by observing others and imitating them. An example of this is the Bandura's Bobo Doll Study
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What are some types of Media violence that we have today?
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1) watching violence - most research indicates it increases aggression, angry and hostile thoughts
2) playing violent video games - even stronger influence on aggression
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What does the experimental evidence demonstrate about media violence?
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most of the experimental evidence demonstrates that watching violence does increase the frequency of aggressive behavior, angry emotions, and hostile thoughts. The research is not consistent though. Actively playing violent video games seems to have a stronger influence by awarding points…
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Define what Media Violence does when you're exposed to it? [exposure to media violence has these effects for the first three reasons] (4)
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Increases physiological arousal and excitement
triggers tendency to imitate violent characteristics
primes aggressive ideas and expectations
social scripts - ways of behaving socially that we learn implicitly from our culture.
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Can you define social scripts and give some examples of it?
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It is a way of behaving socially that we learn implicitly from our culture.
examples: movies and games
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What is repeated exposure to media violence associated with? (3)
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decreased sensitivity to violence, which means a less physiological arousal.
Less reactivity to real-life aggression, which means indifference to violence.
reduced sensitivity to needs of others
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Can you give an example of Media Violence numbing and it's dehumanizing effects?
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researching measured physiological responses of young men while they were watching a rather brutal and bloody boxing match. Those who had watched a lot of TV in their daily lives seemed relatively indifferent to mayhem in the ring. They showed little physiological evidence of excitement, …
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What is the percentage of rapes or attempted rapes that are acquaintance rape?
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85%
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Why do men rape?
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some men commit rape out of a desire to dominate, humiliate, or punish their victim.
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What are some characteristics of sexually aggressive males who commit these acts (rape)?
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They are often narcissistic, unable to empathize with women, may feel hostility and contempt toward women, and feel entitled to have sexual relations with whatever woman they choose. (This may be why sexual violence is often committed by high-status men, including sports heroes, powerful …
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Characteristics of Sexually Aggressive Men: (5)
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Narcissistic
Inability to empathize with women
feel hostility and contempt toward women
sense of entitlement
misperceive women's behavior - they accuse women of provoking them
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In a nationally representative survey of more than 3 thousand Americans ages 18-59, what is the ratio of women that said a man had forced them to do something sexually?
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nearly one-fourth of the women said this. It was usually a husband or boyfriend. Even though 1/4 of women said this, about 3% of men said they had never forced a woman into a sexual act.
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How can a harsh punishment with child cause issues?
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it may backfire or it will not model appropriate behaviors.
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How can Harsh Punishment with adults affect them?
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it can act as a deterrent. It must be swift and certain.
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How can punishment act as a deterrent?
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Punishment must be both prompt and certain. it must follow quickly after the violence occurred and it must be unavoidable.
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Does Cartharsis Work?
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it reduces feelings of aggression is to do something aggressive. No, it does not work. The reverse tends to be true. Competitive games increases aggression.
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Does direct aggression against the source of your anger reduce further aggression?
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No
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What happens when participants who inflicted psychological or physical harm on an innocent person?
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They derogated their victims and convinced themselves that the victim deserved what they got. This makes it easier for them to harm the victim in the future.
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What happens if you are aggressive once? Does it become easier or harder to do it again? Explain why?
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Aggressing the 1st time can reduce your inhibitions against committing other such actions; in a sense, the aggression is legitimized, making it easier to carry out such assaults. Further, and more important, the main thrust of the research on this issue indicates that committing an overt …
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What are people supposed to do with their anger?
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control anger by "actively enabling" it to dissipate
use simple devices, such as count to 10 and taking deep breaths.
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What happens when children see adults express themselves with non-aggressive behavior?
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when children see adults express themselves in calm, respectful manner after provocation, Children handle their own frustrations with less aggression.
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How do you build empathy?
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taking the perspective of the aggressor reduces aggression.
Harder to aggress when one feels a personal connection with a person
Empathy is a skill that can be taught.
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PSYC 3110: Chapter 12