60 Cards in this Set
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Sport psychology equation
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-B=f(P,E)
-behavior is a function of both the Person and Environment
-dynamic
-precise prediction difficult
-need to understand both person and context
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What is sport sociology
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•Sociology – study of social life, including all forms of social interaction and relationships
•Sport Sociology – subdiscipline of sociology that studies sports as parts of social and cultural life.
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what is sport psychology?
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...
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Differences between sport psychology and sociology
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-sport soci: -group experiences
-Actions/relationships in terms of social conditions & cultural contexts where ppl live their lives.
-Reality outside and around individuals
-Formation of social arrangements that enable control and give life meaning
-sport psych: -individual exper…
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Why study sport sociology?
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¨Sports are given special meaning in people’s lives.
¨Sports are tied to important ideas and beliefs in many cultures (e.g., gender, racial, class ideologies).
¨Sports are connected to major spheres of social life (e.g., family, media, politics, education).
-ideology = conscious and u…
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Key Questions in Sport Psych
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-Why have sports in particular societies been created/organized in certain ways?
-How do sports and sport participation affect our ideas about bodies, masculinity & femininity, social class, race, and ethnicity?
-How are the meaning, purpose, and organization of sports connected w/ …
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What is a social construction
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¨Aspects of the social world that are created by people as they interact with one another under the social, political, and economic conditions that exist in their society.
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Be able to provide an example of a social construction in sport AND infer from a case study
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¨Example: "I generally use the term sports rather than sport. I do this to emphasize that the forms and meanings of sports vary from place to place and time to time.” (Coakley, 2007).
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Define socialization?
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¨A continuous process whereby individuals learn skills, behaviors, attitudes, and values that cause or enable them to function in their group or culture
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What is socialization into sport?
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-influence of significant others + opportunity structure --> sport participation
-how do individuals become interested and involved in sport and PA?
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What is socialization through sport?
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-sport participation --> learned attributes, values, behaviors, and skills
-what do ppl learn or gain from participation in sport?
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What is socialization out of sport?
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-influence of significant others + opportunity structure --> choose to focus on other activities, drop out of sport, barriers to participation
-why do ppl discontinue or withdraw from sport?
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Socialization process
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-socializing agencies, agents, and role learner socialize through...
-social learning processes and teach, inculcate, and transmit culture to...
-skills, knowledge, dispositions resulting in a socially competent individual
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Socializing Agencies
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-institutions or larger organizations in the culture
-i.e., school, sport organization, the media, political climate
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Socializing Agents
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-individual people who personally interact w/ the role learner
-i.e. significant others, parents, coaches, peers, teachers, extended family
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Role learner
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-ascribed and achieved
-person characteristics
-interact w/ socializing agencies and agents to impact the socialization process
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Ascribed vs. Achieved
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-Ascribed: gender, race, age, social class, religion, culture, geographical area
-Achieved: skills, personality, confidence, leadership skills, motivation
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social learning processes
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modeling
-reinforcement
-peer comparision
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Skills
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-motor, verbal, social
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Knowledge
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-language, health, leisure
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Disposition
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-motives, attitudes, personality
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Brustad
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-Interested in youth attraction to activity
-N = 81 4th grade students & their parents
-Questionnaires measured several variables
-Hypotheses - child gender, parent enjoyment/fitness/importance --> parental encouragement --> child attraction to PA
-results matched hypothesis so conclu…
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Dorsch et al. (2009)
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-are parents socialized through children's sport participation?
-parents are socialized by child's sport participation: behavior, cognition, affect, relationships
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Role of coaches case study (Smith)
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5 core principles:
1.Winning = maximum effort, improvement
2.Liberal use of contingent positive reinforcement
3.Establish norms that emphasize athletes’ mutual obligations to help and support each other
4.Involve athletes in decisions about team rules and compliance
5.Self-monitor be…
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Role of peers
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Affiliation a major motive:
-Peer acceptance/status/ popularity
-Friendship
-Social support
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Substance abuse
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-Maladaptive pattern of psychoactive substance use, indicated by at least 1 of following:
-Continued use despite persistence of having a persistent or recurring social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems caused or exacerbated by use of psychoactive substance
-Recurrent u…
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Psychoactive substances
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-alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines, hallucinogens
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Signs and symptoms of substance abuse
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-Changes in behavior or peer group
-Major changes in personality, athletic, academic performance
-Apathetic or listless behavior
-Impaired judgment
-Poor coordination, hygiene and grooming
-Profuse sweating
-Muscular twitches or tremors
-May not necessary be for SA. Can also reflec…
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Reasons for Drug use/abuse
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-physical
-psychological
-social
-sport deterrence model
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Physical reasons for drug abuse
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-performance enhancement
-look more attractive
-to cope w/ pain and injury
-weight control
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Psychological reasons for drug use/abuse
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-MOST COMMON
-escape unpleasant emotional experiences
-to offset stress caused by intense scheduling
-build self-confidence, cope w/ stress and protect self-esteem from high expectations
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Social reasons for drug use/abuse
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-peer pressure
-need to gain group acceptance
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Sport deterrence model of drug abuse
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-decision process to use --> costs of decision, benefits associated w/ use, specific situational factors -- cost behavior analysis
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Prevention and control of substance abuse
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-Provide supportive environment.
-Educate participants about effects of drug use.
-Expose athletes early to notion that PED use is cheating and unfair.
-Set a good example.
-Teach coping skills.
-Web-based personalized feedback program
--Martens et al., 2006
---Reduce d…
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Consult a specialist for help w/ drug abuse
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-Practitioners (e.g., coaches, administrators) are integral in noticing problems behaviors but NOT in treating them.
-Follow specific referral process
--Identify specific specialist & make appts when necessary
---i.e., clinical or counseling psychologist or psychiatrist
-Do …
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Harry Edwards
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-Leader of The Olympic Project for Human Rights (OPHR) and called for the boycott of the 1968 Olympics until Muhammed Ali's title was restored, Avery Brundage resigned, and South Africa and Rhodesia were disinvited.
-"the challenges created by racial and ethnic diversity are among the …
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Race
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-a population of ppl who are believe to be naturally or biologically distinct from other populations
-believed to be based on genetic/physical traits
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Ethnicity
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-a particular cultural heritage that is used to identify a category of people
-based on cultural traditions and history
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Minority
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-Discussions confusing when ppl don't define terms
-Minority - socially identifiable population that suffers disadvantages due to systematic discrimination and has a strong sense of social togetherness based on shared experiences of past and current discrimination.
Sociologists–race…
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Racial ideology
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-Web of ideas/beliefs that people use to give meaning to specific physical traits such as skin color and to evaluate people by how they are classified by race
-In Europe - white was considered normal
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What are the key points in US history which influence contemporary racial ideology
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-Emerged during 17th and 18th century
--Proslavery colonists à justification for views
-Endured and resulted in legislation & action
--Segregation of African-Americans
--Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 - legalized segregation & has influenced race relations since
--Removal…
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What are some key components of racial ideology in sport?
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-White athlete seen as “normal”
-Coded language used to refer to non-white athletes
--E.g., “natural speed and jumping ability”
-Does racial ideology affect athletic identity among non-whites themselves?
-Nordic skiers - culturally valued and many opportunities to play and learn spo…
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Racism
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attitudes, actions, and policies based on the belief that people in one racial category are inherently superior to people in one or more other categories
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Racial stereotypes
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generalizations used to define and judge all individuals in a particular racial category.
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Racial ideologies can sometimes support racism or racial stereotypes
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-In extreme cases racial ideology can promote that certain populations are childlike beings in need of control, subhuman and can be exploited without guilt, are forms of property to be bought and sold, or evil being that can be exterminated through genocide.
-Most often used by people wh…
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Sport participation among ethnic minorities
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-African-Americans - well represented in pro/college basketball ONLY; underrepresented in these in h.s.
--Underrepresented in ALL other sports
-Lower sport participation rates in black communities
-Native Americans - very limited participation beyond few famous athletes
-Latinos - v…
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Prospects for change
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-sports do not automatically --> racial/ethnic diversity
-Changes in attitudes don't always lead to changes in behaviors, relationships, social structures
-Requires change in racial ideology & ethnic diversity of decision-makers
-Best Results --> When those w/ power work to bring peopl…
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What is the MLB baseball taskforce on African-American participation. Who are the key socializing agents & agencies involved with this situation?
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Major League Baseball has just launched a taskforce to examine the decreasing interest/participation of African-American in the sport of baseball (i.e., on-field diversity)
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Who is Cullen Jones? How does his Make a Splash campaign aim to curb gender equity in physical activity?
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"I got involved w/ Make a Splash Initiative in 2008 right after winning Olympic Gold medal. USA Swimming Foundation and Phillips 66 came & approached me & showed me the drowning statistics. After reading that 70% of AAs don't know how to swim and 60% of Hispanics don't know how to swim, t…
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How does the use of Native American mascots relate to Martens’ socialization model and discussion of race and/or ethnicity in sport?
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-Agents: athletes, parents, coaches, administrators, advocates
-Agencies: state & federal lawmakers, local and state leagues, civil rights groups
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Reasons for increased participation in sports by women
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-New Opportunities
-Government Legislation à Title IX
-Global Women’s Rights Movement
-Health & Fitness Movement
-Increased Media Coverage of Women in Sports
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Title IX
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- “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance”
-three tests: proportionality test, history o…
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Sports have been historically...
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-male dominated
-1971-2004 --> 295,000 to 2.95 million girls in h.s. sports
-32,000 --> 160,00 women in college sports
BUT
-4 million boys in h.s.
-240,000 men in college
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Gender Ideology and fairness issues in sport
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-Sports are male dominated.
-Sport are male identified.
-Sports are male centered.
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Power and Control issue of gender and sport
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-Resentment of changes to dominant ideology
-Threat of strong female athletes to status quo
-Underrepresentation - Female Decision Makers
-Focus on “Cosmetic Fitness”
-Trivialization of Women’s Sports
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Gender Ideology
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-gender - what is considered masculine and feminine in a group or society
-gender ideology in sports: celebrating masculinity; invaders on male turf
-opportunity for change: is a change in ideology necessary to affect change?
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Gender Equity
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-most men support the idea of gender equity but few are willing to give up anything to achieve it
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Gender equity strategies
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-Confront discriminatory practices
-Fair and open employment practices
-Equity data to groups and public
--Gender equity report card”
-Object to policies that decrease opps for women
-When possible, promote revenue producing aspects of women’s sport
--Financial incentives for i…
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What are 3 gender ideologies which support this domination as expressed by Coakley (ideology and power issues)
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-the production and reproduction of gender ideology in connection w/ sports
-the ways in which prevailing gender ideology constrains people's lives and subverts the achievement of gender equity
-the cultural and structural changes required to achieve gender equity and democratic acc…
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Fairness and equity issues
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-sport participation patterns among girls and women
-gender inequities in participation opportunities, support for athletes, and jobs in coaching and administration
-strategies for achieving equal opportunities for girls and women
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EXSS 181: EXAM 1