EXSS 181 1st EditionExam # 1 Study GuideIntro to Sport Psych- Sport and exercise psychology: the scientific study of human behavior in sport and exercise and the practical application of that knowledge- Sport psychologists do: research, teaching, and/or consulting- 2 major objectives of sport and exercise psych research: understand the effects ofo 1. Psych factors on sport/physical activity behavior and performanceo 2. Participating in sport/physical activity on psych, development, health, and wellbeing- REMEMBER: Behavior is a function of both the person and his or her environment  dynamic, hard to make precise predictions, have to understand person and context- Ways of knowing:o Common sense: intuition or speculation; good because it’s easy and quickbut bad because it’s not based on data or experienceo Practical Experience: observation and case studies; good because it’s holistic, immediate, and innovative but bad because it doesn’t explain phenomena and may be biasedo Science: empirical investigations (experiments); good because it’s reliable,objective, and unbiased but bad because sometimes it’s not practical, slow to evolve, and reductionistic ( doesn’t see big picture)- Recall basic steps of Scientific Method: Develop Problem, Form Hypothesis, Gather Data, Analyze and Interpret Results- 6 periods of Sport Psych: o Early Years  Norman Triplett and the biker social facilitation study at Indiana Universityo Griffith Era  Coleman Griffith= father of modern sport psych, 1st research lab, University of Illinois, studied Red Grange, worked with NotreDame and Chicago Cubso Prep for the Future  field developed scientifically, held first World Congress of Sport Psycho Est. of Academic Branch  sport psych developed as separate from kinesiology and EXSSo Multidisciplinary Research  becomes more popular, respected, and specializedo Contemporary  becomes more international- 2 specialties of Sport and Exercise Psych: Clinical Sport Psych (focus on emotional disorders, licensed, can treat disorders) and Educational Sport Psych (not licensed, like mental coach, - social facilitation theory: When people perform simple tasks that they know well,they perform better with an audience. When people perform complex, unfamiliar tasks, the perform worse with an audience.- Theory: set of interrelated facts that describe a phenomenon- Study: investigator observes environment without changing it- Experiment: investigator manipulates environment in order to observe itPersonality- Personality: consistent pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguishes one person from another and that persists over time and situations- Hollander’s Model of Personality: pyramid with internal psychological core at the base, typical response in the middle, and role-related behavior at the top; as you go from bottom to top it progresses from internal to external and from constant to dynamico Psychological core: most basic level that is the “real you”o Typical responses: how we usually respond to situationso Role-related behavior: most changeable aspect, how we act based on how we perceive situationo Dynamic: environment influences them moreo Ex of role related behavior: I may be sociable but I’m not running around during class and talking to everyone- 5 Approaches to Personality (focus on 2-4)- 1. Psychodynamic  Freud and unconscious, not very empirically supported but people to practice it, big pop culture influence, focuses on inner thoughts- 2. Trait  implies that traits (basically stable attributes of person) are consistent and generalizable across contexts; problem because doesn’t account for the environmento uses Big 5 Theory which is continuum for these traits OCEAN: Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness,Neuroticism (whether emotionally stable or not)- 3. Situational  key is that personality is shaped by interactions with the environmento Behaviorism: people learn behaviors based on rewards and punishments in situationso Social Learning Theory: people learn behaviors from observational learning/modeling - 4. Interactional  basically behavior is a function of person AND environment, most widely used and acceptedo state: depends on situation- t rait: consistent across situations- 5. Phenomenological  Most abstract of 5, interested in person’s understanding of their environment, think about how they provide meaning to a situation- Problems with using personality testing with sport/exercise: o Not sufficient enough evidence on own, especially in team selectiono Social desirability and psych skills can be learnedo Doesn’t account for non-psych factors that affect sport performanceo Use of tests that focus on abnormalities with an avg population is not effective- CAN use to cater environment to better suit athlete/participant- Iceberg profile: seen in successful elite athletes, score low on all traits (neuroticism, fatigue, depression, confusion, and anger) except vigorMotivation- Motivation: the direction (approach/avoid or attraction) and intensity (how mucheffort, persistence) of effort- Attribution Theory of Motivationo Says motivation is influenced by attrtibutionso Attribution: interpretations or explanations individuals give for success or failureo Can get this info by asking indiv. via surveys or interviewso Common attributions: personal ability, personal effort, opponent’s ability or effort, luck, referee decisions, facility conditions, weather- Basic Attribution categories:o Stable/Unstable  do you think the same reason you succeeded or failedthis time would make you succeed or failed consistently?o Stable= greater expectation of same outcome happening again while unstable= lower expectationo Internal/External (Locus of causality) do you think the source of your attribution is inherent to you or was from another source?o Internal= greater pride for success and greater shame for failure while external= lower pride for success and lower shame for failureo Controllable/Uncontrollable (Locus of control)  was your reason for success or failure something you could control?o Controllable= greater motivation while uncontrollable= lower motivation- Self-serving bias: making attributions that help you increase or maintain your self-esteem and confidenceo For success: internal and stable  may keep you from working your