EXSS 181 1st EditionFinal Exam Study Guide*Majority of exam is from section 3 but look back over sections 1 and 2 (from first 2 exams) to make sure you understand broad topicsIntro to Sport Sociology- Sociology: study of social life including all forms of social interaction and relationships- Sport sociology: subdiscipline of sociology that studies sports as parts of social and cultural life- Differences between Sport Sociology and Sport Psychology=- Sociology- o How outside environment affects individuals and groupso group experienceso formation of social arrangements that enable control and give life meaningo reality outside and around individualso actions and relationships in terms of social conditions and cultural contexts in which ppl live their lives- Sport Psychology-o Look at individual and work way outo Individual experienceso Interpersonal dynamic and social influence from individual perspectiveo Attributes or processes inside individualso Motivation, perception, cognition, attitudes, personality, etc.- Both care about individual outcomes- Why study Sport Sociology?o Sports are given special meaning in people’s lives and are tied to imp. Ideas and beliefs in many cultures/ideologieso Ideology: conscious and unconscious ways we come to know about our prescribe meaning to thingso Sports are connected to major spheres of social life like family, education, media, and politics. Ex: sports and politics tied through things like title 9, steroid use, derogatory franchise nameso Sports tied to education a lot in US with college athletes and younger school athletes; can be ticket to better life with scholarships and professionals- Some key questions in sport sociologyo Why have sports in certain societies been created/organized certain ways?o How do sports and sport participation affect our ideas about things like our bodies, masculinity, social class, race, etc.?o How are the meaning, purpose, and org of sports connected with the culture, org, and resources in societies?o How can ppl use sport sociology to understand and participate in society as agents of progressive change?- Social constructions: aspects of the social world that are created by people as they interact with one another under the social, political, and economic conditions that exist in their societySport Socialization- Socialization: a continuous process whereby indiv learn skills, behaviors, attitudes, and values that cause or enable them to function in their group or cultureo Developmental experience that continues over life span, how learn the rules of the game in society and how people are judged on such Ex: we’ve been socialized to not talk over professors in classroom- Categories of sport socialization=o Into: How do individuals become interested and involved in sport and physical activity?o Through: What do ppl learn or gain from participation in sport? Like attributes, values, behaviors, and skillso Out of: Why do people discontinue or withdraw from sport? Ex: being cut from the team, choose to focus on other activities- Socializing agents are indiv who personally interact with the role learner like parents, coaches, peers, teachers, and extended family members.- Socializing agencies are institutions or larger organizations in culture like the media, school, political climate, and sports organizations.- Role learner characteristics can be ascribed or achieved. A role learner is the participant. o Ascribed ones include gender, race, class, religion, culture, and geographical area.o Achieved ones include skills, personality, confidence, leadership skills, andmotivation.- The Socialization Process/Marten’s model of sport socialization:o Socializing agencies, socializing agents, and role learner characteristics work through o social learning processes/socialization mechanisms(modeling, reinforcement, and peer comparison) o to teach , inculcate (bring into group), and transmit culture.o This process breaks down into skills (motor, social, and verbal), knowledge (language, health, leisure), and dispositions (personality, attitudes, motives) that create/result in a socially competent individual.- Gender, race, and ethnicity can be role learner characteristics in this model- Role of parents in sport socialization was studied in 1993 Brustad study. o Gave questionnaires that measured several variables to a group of 81 4th graders and their parentso Hypothesized that gender, parent enjoyment, parent fitness, parent importance would all influence parent encouragement and thus impact the child’s attraction to physical activityo Results showed that child gender and parent enjoyment influence parental encouragement and that impacts the child’s attraction to physical activityo Concluded that social agents and role learner attributes are related to socialization outcomes.- 2009 Dorsch study asked if parents are socialized through their children’s sport participation. Concluded that parents are indeed socialized by child’s sport participation as seen in their behavior, cognition, affect, and relationships.- 5 core principles of coaching behavior and its relation to athletes self esteem, motivation, etc.o winning= max effort and improvemento liberal use of contingent positive reinforcemento est. norms that foster athletes’ mutual obligations to help and support each othero involve athletes in decisions about team rules and complianceo self monitor your behavior as a coach and get feedback- Affiliation is a major motive in youth peer relationships peer acceptance, status, popularity, friendships, and social support- Most kids play sports for fun, to do something that they’re good at, get exercise and become fit, improve skills, to compete, or to be with friends- Kids with low perceived competence, focus on outcome goals, less self determined motivation, and more stress are more likely to discontinue a sport- Sport-specific dropouts withdraw from one sport to enter another sport while sport general dropouts withdraw from sport participation altogether- Some positive dimensions of peer relationships in sports are self esteem enhancement, supportiveness, loyalty, intimacy, things in common, companionship, conflict resolution, and pleasant play- Some negative dimensions are conflict, betrayal, inaccessibility, and unattractive personal qualities- Coaches should foster cooperation over competition, create task oriented motivation, enhance peer relationships, and use small group