Study Guide: Final Exam
198 Cards in this Set
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Genus & Species:Cattle (Bovine)
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Bos Taurus
Indicus Bison
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Genus & Species: Sheep (Ovine)
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Ovis Aries
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Genus & Species: Goat (Caprine)
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Capra Hirius
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Genus & Species: Pig
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Sus Scrofa Domesticus
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Genus & Species: Horse (Equine)
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Equus Caballus
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Genus & Species: Chicken
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Gallus Domesticus
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Intact Cattle
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Young: Bull Calf
Mature: Bull
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Castrated Cattle
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Young: Steer
Mature: Stag
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Intact Swine
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Young: Boar Pig
Mature: Boar
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Castrated Swine
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Young: Barrow
Mature: Stag
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Intact Sheep
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Young: Ram Lamb
Mature: Ram/Buck
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Castrated Sheep
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Young: Wether
Mature: Stag
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Intact Horse
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Young: Colt
Mature: Stallion/Stud
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Castrated Horse
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Young: Gelding
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Intact Goat
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Buck
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Castrated Goat
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Young: Weather
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Intact Chicken
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Young: Coctorel
Mature: Rooster/Cock
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Castrated Chicken
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Young: Capon
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Female Cattle
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Young: Heffer
Mature: Cow (2 years old)
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Female Swine
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Young: Gilt
Mature: Sow (1 year old)
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Female Sheep
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Young: Ewe Lamb
Mature: Lamb (1 year old)
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Female Horse
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Young: Filly
Mature: Mare (3-4 years old)
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Female Goat
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Doe
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Female Chicken
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Young: Pullet
Mature: Hen (18 meeks old)
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Animal products are excellent source of ________
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B-vitamins
(and only natural source of B12)
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Composition of Meats
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70% Water
20% Protein~8% Fat1% Ash/Minerals1% Carb1% Vitamins
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_________ are attached to bone
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Skeletal Muscles
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_________ are present in the stomach and repro tract along with circulatory system
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Smooth Muscles
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_______ are part of the heart
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Cardial
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________ are water soluble and associated with energy pathways
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Sarcoplasmic Proteins
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______ give meat a purple color
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Deoxymyoglobin
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Oxymyoglobin
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Red; Oxygen in binding site; Fe2+
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Metmyoglobin
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Brown; nothing in binding site; Fe3+
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Myofibrillar Proteins
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Contracting of muscles and gives muscle structure
Salt Soluble
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_____ and ____ are the main contractile proteins
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Myosin and Actin
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____ and ____ are the main regulatory proteins
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Troponin and Tropomyosim
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______ are acid soluble connective tissues
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Stromal Protiens
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_____ is the major protein in the body
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Collegen (white connective tissue)
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_______ is yellow connective tissue seen in tendons.
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Elastin
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T/F Pork is the least saturated meat
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TRUE
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Animal meat is a poor source of vitamins _,_,_,_, & _
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A, D, E, K, & C
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List the factors that affect consumer acceptability
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Tenderness
JuicinessFlavor & AromaAppearancePrice
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______, ______, & ______ impact tenderness
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Contractile Proteins
Connective TissueMarbling
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Ways to Improve Tenderness
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Electrical Stimulation
AgingMarinatingTenderizersMechanical TenderizationProper Cooking
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T/F Protein gives meat the species flavor
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False- Fat gives meat species flavor
Protein gives meat a meaty flavor
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_________ is caused by a high pH
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Dark, Firm, & Dry (DFD)
Beef with pH > 6.0
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_______ is caused by having a low pH
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Pale, Soft, and Exudative (PSE)
Pork with pH < 5.4
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Carcass Value is determined by ______ & ______
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Carcass Weight
Carcass Category or Grade
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Carcass Weight
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Dressing Percentage = Hot Carcass Weight / Live Weight X 100
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What is Dressing Percentage affected by?
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Fill
FinishMusclingHide, Head, Feet Weight
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T/F Carcass Grade on BEEF is evaluated between 12th & 13th rib
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TRUE
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Yield Grade for Beef
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12th rib backfat, inch
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Quality Grade for Beef
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Maturity= (A-E) bone size, shape, and ossification
Marbling Score= Intramuscular fat contentNot used in industry today
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Yield Grade for Pork
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Last rib backfat, inch
Muscle Score (1-3)Not used in industry today
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% Fat Free Lean (Pork)
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10th rib backfat
Hot Carcass WeightLoineye area or depth49%-51%Substitute for Yield Grade and Quality Grade
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Yield Grade for Lamb
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12th rib backfat, inch
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Quality Grade for Lamb
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(Prime, Choice,Good, Utility, Cull)
MaturityFlank StreakingConformationFlank Firmness
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Six Classes of Nutrients
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Water
CarbohydratesMineralsProteinFatsVitamins
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_____ & _____ are micronutrients
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Minerals
Vitamins
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T/F Water is the only macronutrient
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FALSE
Carbohydrates, Protein, and Fats are also macronutrients
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T/F Feed costs are the largest production cost in the livestock industry
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True 60%-75%
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T/F Water Comprises 70%-75% of body weight
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TRUE
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T/F Protein is the primary nutrient to provide energy
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False Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides
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Glucose
FructoseGalactoseRibose/Deoxyribose
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Disaccharides
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Sucrose(GLU+FRU)
Lactose(GLU+GAL)Maltose(GLU+GLU)
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______, ______, ______, ______, & ______ are polysaccharides
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Starch
GlycogenCelluloseHemicelluloseLignin
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T/F Starch is bonded by beta 1-4 linkages
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False Cellulose is bonded by beta 1-4
Starch is bonded by alpha 1-4 linkages
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Starch is primarily in ______ while Cellulose is primarily found in ______
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Concentrates (High energy, Low fiber)
Roughages (Low energy, High fiber)
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Amount of Energy from Carbohydrates
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4.2 Kcal/g
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Essential Fatty Acids
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Linoleic Acid
Linolenic AcidArchidonic Acid
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Compound Lipids
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Glycolipids
LipoproteinsPhospholipids
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Types of Sterols
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Cholesterol
Steroid HormonesVitamin Precursors
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Essential Proteins
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Methionine
ArginineThreonineTryptophanHistidineIsclucineLeucineLysineValinePhenylalamine
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T/F Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form proteins
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TRUE
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Semi-Essential Proteins
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Glysine
TyrosineCysteine
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Functions of Proteins
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Structure
Regulatory and ProtectionEnergy
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Percent Crude Protein
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% Nitrogen X 6.25
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T/F Protein contains 16% nitrogen
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TRUE
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Non-Nitrogen Protein
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Used only by microorganisms in rumen
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Fat Soluble Vitamins
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A, D, E, K
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T/F Ruminants need all fat soluble vitamins
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False
All except Vitamin K
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Macro-minerals
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Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, S
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____ (in ___) ->Digestible Energy(in ____)->____(in the form of heat)->Net Energy->___
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Gross Energy (in feces)
In Urine & GasesMetabolizible EnergyProduction and Maintenance
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Components of Feedstuffs
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Moisture(water)
Crude ProteinCrude FatCrude FiberNitrogen-free extractAsh
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% Digestable Nutrient
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(nutrient in feed-nutrient in feces)/ Nutrient in feed X 100
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% Total Digestible Nutrient
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% digestible protien
+ % digestible fat X (2.25)+ % digestible crude fiber+% digestible NFE
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Metabolic Weight
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(Body Weight) ^0.75
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If a 500lb steer=15lb of feed then a 1000lb steer=? lb feed
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(500)^0.75=105.7
(1000)^0.75=177.8105.7 / 177.8=1.71000 lb steer needs (15 X 1.7)=25.5
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T/F All of the nutrients fed to livestock are used for maintenance requirements
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False only half are used for maintenance requirements
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Parts of Monogastric Digestive Tract
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Mouth
EsophagusStomachSmall IntestineLarge Intestine
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Parts of Rumenant Digestive Tract
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Mouth
EsophagusRumen
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T/F Ruminant animals have enzymes in their saliva
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False, saliva is used for lubrication in ruminant animals
enzymes are present in monogastric animals saliva
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Omasum
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Water Absorption
Sorting
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Reticulum
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Honeycomb that sorts
heavy particles stay while lighter particles fall down to the rumen
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Abomasum
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Secretes HCl, pepsin, lysozyme
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Eructation
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Belching
Prevents bloating
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The stomach secretes _____ and produces enzymes: ______&______
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HCl
PepsinRennin
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Three Sections of Small Intestine
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Duodenum
JejunumIleum
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T/F Pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum to breakdown macromolecules
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TRUE
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_______ secretes bile produced in the liver
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Gall Bladder
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Pancreas secretes _____ & ______ to control blood glucose levels
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Insulin
Glucagon
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Parts of Large Intestine
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Cecum
ColonRectum
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T/F The cecum is the site of microbial digestion in cows
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False; The cecum in HORSES is the site of microbial digestion
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Volatile Fatty Acids
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Acetate
ProprionateButyrate
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______ is the major site of water absorption (mono)
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Colon
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Volatile fatty acids are produced in the _____
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Cecum
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T/F Horses have gall bladders
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False; Horses do not have gall bladders
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T/F The rumen turns unsaturated fat into saturated fats
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TRUE
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Purines
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Adenine
Guanine
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Pyrimidines
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Thymine
Cytosine
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T/F Mitosis forms haploid cell from diploid cell
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False;
Meiosis forms haploid cells from diploid cells Mitosis forms diploid cells from haploid cell
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Spermatogenisis forms _____ sperm and oogenisis forms one ovum
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Four
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T/F Mitosis occurs after fertilization
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TRUE
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____ are controlled by one or two genes
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Qualitative Traits
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_____ are controlled by many genes
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Quantitative Traits
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Heterosis
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Distantly related parents produce a better performing offspring
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Heritability
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h^2= Genotype/ (Genotype + Environment)
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T/F Lowly heritable traits generally exhibit a greater amount of heterosis than highly
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TRUE
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_____________ obtains maximum heterosis
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Two Breed Terminal Cross
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Somatotropin/GH
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Protein found in anterior pituitary that stimulates growth of bone and muscles and milk production
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone
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Glycoprotein in anterior pituitary that initiates spermatogenisis in males and stimulates estrogen production and granulosa cells in females
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Luteinizing Hormone
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Glycoprotein in anterior pituitary that stimulates interstitial cless to produce testosterone in males and stimulates luteal cells on ovary
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T/F The luteinizing hormone forms the corpus luteum
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True; Also stimulates estrogen and progesterone production, and stimulates ovulation
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___________ initiates and maintains lactation
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Prolactin
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Oxytocin
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Stimulates contraction of smoother muscle of uterus and oviduct
Stimulates "milk letdown"
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Gonadotroph Hormone stimulates release of ___ & ___
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FSH
LH
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Adrenocorticotropin Hormone
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Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteriods involved in energy metabolism
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T/F Gonadal hormones are derived from cholesterol
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TRUE
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Testosterone is produced in the ______ cells
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Leydig
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______ stimulates estrus behavior
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Estrogen
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T/F Estrogen stimulates duct development in the mammary gland
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TRUE
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T/F Progesterone is produced only by the corpus luteum
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False; produced by the corpus luteum and placenta
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_______ causes regression of the corpus luteum & restarts estrous cycle
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Prostaglandin
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T/F The thyroid gland need iodine for normal function
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True
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_______ regulates sodium, calcium, and water balance
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Mineralcorticoids
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___________ regulates testes distance from body
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Cremaster muscles
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______ controls maturation, storage, and concentration of sperm cells
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Epididymis
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___________ transports sperm from caudal epididymus to urethra
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Vas Deferens
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T/F Seminal Vesicle secretes fluid into the urethra and is largest in the boar
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TRUE
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T/F Boars do not have ampulla
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TRUE
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T/F Bulls do not have Prostate Glands
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False rams do not have prostate glands
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______ large gland in the boar that empties into urethra away from the bladder
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Cowpers Gland
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T/F The bull, ram, and horse have fibroeleastic penis
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False; Bull Ram and Boar have fibroelastic penis
Horse has non-fibroelastic penis
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Pigs have _______ stucture in which the uterine horns are large and body is small
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Bicornuate
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T/F Bipartite structure is present in the horse, cow, and ewe
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TRUE
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_______ keeps uterus clean, only open during parturition and estrus
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Cervix
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T/F The cow, ewe, and sow have collagenous rings for cervix
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TRUE
Horses have folds
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T/F The vagina is the site for semen deposition in the sow
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False ; the cervix is site of semen deposition in the sow
the vagina is the site of semen deposition in the cow and ewe
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______ removes surface components of sperm and allows maturation of sperm
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capacitation
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Primary Follicle
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ovum surrounded by single layer of granulosa cell
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Secondary Follicle
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Granulosa cells increase in number through mitosis
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Tertiary Follicle
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begin to see antrum formation
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Graafian Follicle
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Mature follicle with mature ova, near rupture
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_____ occurs with a surge of LH stimulate enzyme to digest follicle wall
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Ovulation
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______ forms digestive tract, liver, lungs, kidneys
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Endoderm
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______ forms muscle, bone, and fat
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Mesoderm
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_______ forms skin, hair, brain, and spinal cord
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Ectoderm
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_______ layer of blastocyst grows into the fetus
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Inner cell mass
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______ forms placenta and embryonic membranes
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Trophoblast
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_______ is a layer of placenta that is in contact with uterus
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Chorion
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______ is the layer of the placenta that is closest to the embryo
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Amnion
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T/F the cow and the ewe have diffuse placental attachment
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FALSE
cow and ewe have cotyledonary attachments (specific points)sow and mare have diffuse attachment (entire placenta)
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Functions of Placenta
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Nourishment
ProtectionRespirationWaste RemovalHormone Prodcution
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T/F In Cow and Sow CL is present throughout pregnancy
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TRUE
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Gestation Lengths
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Cow=9months
Sow= 3months 3 weeks 3 daysEwe= 5monthsHorse= 11 months
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Factors Influencing Fetal Size
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Genetics
Age and Size of DamNutritionLitter SizeAmbient temperatureFetal Hormones
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T/F Ewes and Mares are seasonal breeders
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TRUE
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Signs of estrus in Cow
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Stands to be mounted
Swelliing/Redness of vulvaRestlessness/vocalizationRide herd mates
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Signs of Estrus in Sow
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Swelling/Redness of vulva
Restlessness/VocalizationMounts other sowsStands to be mountedErect earsstands for hand pressure
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Signs of Estrus in Mare
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Nervousness
Frequent urination/squattingStands for maleWinking of vulva
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Advantages of Artificial Insemination
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Use of genetically superior sires
Control DiseaseEliminate excess males on farmAccurate record keeping
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If checking sows for estrus once a day, sow should be bred within _______ after detection
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24 hours
12 hours if checking twice a day
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T/F Cow and ewe should be bred 12 hours after detection
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TRUE
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T/F There is no interchange of milk between udders
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TRUE
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Udders are supported by _____, ______, and _______
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Median suspensory ligament
Lateral suspensory ligamentConnective tissue
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________ are the milk producing cells
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Epithelial cells
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_____ are smooth muscles that cause milk secretion into the lumen of the alveolus
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Myoepithelial cells
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________ is needed for alveolar-lobule development
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Pregesterone
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T/F Adrenaline blocks the effects of oxytocin
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TRUE
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______ causes contraction of myoepithelial cells
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Oxytocin
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First milk (colostrum) is high in _______________
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immunoglobins
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Dairy cows generally lactate for _______
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10-12 months
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Persistency=
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This months production/ Last months production X 100
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A cows lactation schedule is adjusted in ______
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305 days
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T/F Dry period is 40-60 days
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TRUE
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Factors Affecting Milk Production
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Breed
Size AgeLength of dry periodNutritionBody ConditionMilking frequencySeasonDiseaseManagement
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Mastitis
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Inflammation of udder
Caused by microbrial infectionReduces milk yield
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T/F Overfeeding can result in scours
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TRUE
This is the #1 cause of calf mortality
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Meat production is the main purpose of _______beef production
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Commercial
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Four Segments of Beef Production
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Purebred
CommercialStockerFinishing/Feedlot
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T/F Elite producers determine the direction of the industry by producing high valued cows
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TRUE
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_______ sell bulls and semen and spread the germ plasma
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Multipliers
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Profitability of Beef Production determined by:
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Percent Calf Crop Weaned
Calf Weaning WeightAnimal Cow Cost
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Breakeven price=
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Annual Cow Cost/Lbs of Calf Weaned Per Cow
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Lbs of calf weaned per cow=
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% Calf Crop X Weaning Weight
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Factors Affecting Weaning Weight
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Season
Quality of forage availableGrowth StimulatesCreep FeedingHeard Health ManagementBull's Weaning Weight EPDsHeterosis
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T/F Milk fever is seen soon after calving, signs reduced appetite, nervousness, & collapse
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TRUE
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T/F Oxymyoglobin has water in its binding site and has Fe2+
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False
Oxymyoglobin has oxygen in its binding siteDeoxymyoglobin has water in binding site
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Study Guide: Final Exam