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Study Guide: Final Exam
Genus & Species:Cattle (Bovine)
|
Bos Taurus
Indicus Bison |
Genus & Species: Sheep (Ovine) |
Ovis Aries |
Genus & Species: Goat (Caprine) |
Capra Hirius |
Genus & Species: Pig |
Sus Scrofa Domesticus |
Genus & Species: Horse (Equine) |
Equus Caballus |
Genus & Species: Chicken |
Gallus Domesticus |
Intact Cattle
|
Young: Bull Calf
Mature: Bull |
Castrated Cattle
|
Young: Steer
Mature: Stag |
Intact Swine
|
Young: Boar Pig
Mature: Boar |
Castrated Swine
|
Young: Barrow
Mature: Stag |
Intact Sheep
|
Young: Ram Lamb
Mature: Ram/Buck |
Castrated Sheep
|
Young: Wether
Mature: Stag |
Intact Horse
|
Young: Colt
Mature: Stallion/Stud |
Castrated Horse |
Young: Gelding |
Intact Goat |
Buck |
Castrated Goat |
Young: Weather |
Intact Chicken
|
Young: Coctorel
Mature: Rooster/Cock |
Castrated Chicken |
Young: Capon |
Female Cattle
|
Young: Heffer
Mature: Cow (2 years old) |
Female Swine
|
Young: Gilt
Mature: Sow (1 year old) |
Female Sheep
|
Young: Ewe Lamb
Mature: Lamb (1 year old) |
Female Horse
|
Young: Filly
Mature: Mare (3-4 years old) |
Female Goat |
Doe |
Female Chicken
|
Young: Pullet
Mature: Hen (18 meeks old) |
Animal products are excellent source of ________ |
B-vitamins
(and only natural source of B12) |
Composition of Meats |
70% Water
20% Protein~8% Fat1% Ash/Minerals1% Carb1% Vitamins |
_________ are attached to bone |
Skeletal Muscles |
_________ are present in the stomach and repro tract along with circulatory system |
Smooth Muscles |
_______ are part of the heart |
Cardial |
________ are water soluble and associated with energy pathways |
Sarcoplasmic Proteins |
______ give meat a purple color |
Deoxymyoglobin |
Oxymyoglobin |
Red; Oxygen in binding site; Fe2+ |
Metmyoglobin |
Brown; nothing in binding site; Fe3+ |
Myofibrillar Proteins |
Contracting of muscles and gives muscle structure
Salt Soluble |
_____ and ____ are the main contractile proteins |
Myosin and Actin |
____ and ____ are the main regulatory proteins |
Troponin and Tropomyosim |
______ are acid soluble connective tissues |
Stromal Protiens |
_____ is the major protein in the body |
Collegen (white connective tissue) |
_______ is yellow connective tissue seen in tendons. |
Elastin |
T/F Pork is the least saturated meat |
TRUE |
Animal meat is a poor source of vitamins _,_,_,_, & _ |
A, D, E, K, & C |
List the factors that affect consumer acceptability |
Tenderness
JuicinessFlavor & AromaAppearancePrice |
______, ______, & ______ impact tenderness |
Contractile Proteins
Connective TissueMarbling |
Ways to Improve Tenderness |
Electrical Stimulation
AgingMarinatingTenderizersMechanical TenderizationProper Cooking |
T/F Protein gives meat the species flavor |
False- Fat gives meat species flavor
Protein gives meat a meaty flavor |
_________ is caused by a high pH |
Dark, Firm, & Dry (DFD)
Beef with pH > 6.0 |
_______ is caused by having a low pH |
Pale, Soft, and Exudative (PSE)
Pork with pH < 5.4 |
Carcass Value is determined by ______ & ______ |
Carcass Weight
Carcass Category or Grade |
Carcass Weight |
Dressing Percentage = Hot Carcass Weight / Live Weight X 100 |
What is Dressing Percentage affected by? |
Fill
FinishMusclingHide, Head, Feet Weight |
T/F Carcass Grade on BEEF is evaluated between 12th & 13th rib |
TRUE |
Yield Grade for Beef |
12th rib backfat, inch |
Quality Grade for Beef |
Maturity= (A-E) bone size, shape, and ossification
Marbling Score= Intramuscular fat contentNot used in industry today |
Yield Grade for Pork |
Last rib backfat, inch
Muscle Score (1-3)Not used in industry today |
% Fat Free Lean (Pork) |
10th rib backfat
Hot Carcass WeightLoineye area or depth49%-51%Substitute for Yield Grade and Quality Grade |
Yield Grade for Lamb |
12th rib backfat, inch |
Quality Grade for Lamb |
(Prime, Choice,Good, Utility, Cull)
MaturityFlank StreakingConformationFlank Firmness |
Six Classes of Nutrients |
Water
CarbohydratesMineralsProteinFatsVitamins |
_____ & _____ are micronutrients |
Minerals
Vitamins |
T/F Water is the only macronutrient |
FALSE
Carbohydrates, Protein, and Fats are also macronutrients |
T/F Feed costs are the largest production cost in the livestock industry |
True 60%-75% |
T/F Water Comprises 70%-75% of body weight |
TRUE |
T/F Protein is the primary nutrient to provide energy |
False Carbohydrates |
Monosaccharides |
Glucose
FructoseGalactoseRibose/Deoxyribose |
Disaccharides |
Sucrose(GLU+FRU)
Lactose(GLU+GAL)Maltose(GLU+GLU) |
______, ______, ______, ______, & ______ are polysaccharides |
Starch
GlycogenCelluloseHemicelluloseLignin |
T/F Starch is bonded by beta 1-4 linkages |
False Cellulose is bonded by beta 1-4
Starch is bonded by alpha 1-4 linkages |
Starch is primarily in ______ while Cellulose is primarily found in ______ |
Concentrates (High energy, Low fiber)
Roughages (Low energy, High fiber) |
Amount of Energy from Carbohydrates |
4.2 Kcal/g |
Essential Fatty Acids |
Linoleic Acid
Linolenic AcidArchidonic Acid |
Compound Lipids |
Glycolipids
LipoproteinsPhospholipids |
Types of Sterols |
Cholesterol
Steroid HormonesVitamin Precursors |
Essential Proteins |
Methionine
ArginineThreonineTryptophanHistidineIsclucineLeucineLysineValinePhenylalamine |
T/F Amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to form proteins |
TRUE |
Semi-Essential Proteins |
Glysine
TyrosineCysteine |
Functions of Proteins |
Structure
Regulatory and ProtectionEnergy |
Percent Crude Protein |
% Nitrogen X 6.25 |
T/F Protein contains 16% nitrogen |
TRUE |
Non-Nitrogen Protein |
Used only by microorganisms in rumen |
Fat Soluble Vitamins |
A, D, E, K |
T/F Ruminants need all fat soluble vitamins |
False
All except Vitamin K |
Macro-minerals |
Ca, P, Na, K, Cl, Mg, S |
____ (in ___) ->Digestible Energy(in ____)->____(in the form of heat)->Net Energy->___ |
Gross Energy (in feces)
In Urine & GasesMetabolizible EnergyProduction and Maintenance |
Components of Feedstuffs |
Moisture(water)
Crude ProteinCrude FatCrude FiberNitrogen-free extractAsh |
% Digestable Nutrient |
(nutrient in feed-nutrient in feces)/ Nutrient in feed X 100 |
% Total Digestible Nutrient |
% digestible protien
+ % digestible fat X (2.25)+ % digestible crude fiber+% digestible NFE |
Metabolic Weight |
(Body Weight) ^0.75 |
If a 500lb steer=15lb of feed then a 1000lb steer=? lb feed |
(500)^0.75=105.7
(1000)^0.75=177.8105.7 / 177.8=1.71000 lb steer needs (15 X 1.7)=25.5 |
T/F All of the nutrients fed to livestock are used for maintenance requirements |
False only half are used for maintenance requirements |
Parts of Monogastric Digestive Tract |
Mouth
EsophagusStomachSmall IntestineLarge Intestine |
Parts of Rumenant Digestive Tract |
Mouth
EsophagusRumen |
T/F Ruminant animals have enzymes in their saliva |
False, saliva is used for lubrication in ruminant animals
enzymes are present in monogastric animals saliva |
Omasum |
Water Absorption
Sorting |
Reticulum |
Honeycomb that sorts
heavy particles stay while lighter particles fall down to the rumen |
Abomasum |
Secretes HCl, pepsin, lysozyme |
Eructation |
Belching
Prevents bloating |
The stomach secretes _____ and produces enzymes: ______&______ |
HCl
PepsinRennin |
Three Sections of Small Intestine |
Duodenum
JejunumIleum |
T/F Pancreas secretes enzymes into the duodenum to breakdown macromolecules |
TRUE |
_______ secretes bile produced in the liver |
Gall Bladder |
Pancreas secretes _____ & ______ to control blood glucose levels |
Insulin
Glucagon |
Parts of Large Intestine |
Cecum
ColonRectum |
T/F The cecum is the site of microbial digestion in cows |
False; The cecum in HORSES is the site of microbial digestion |
Volatile Fatty Acids |
Acetate
ProprionateButyrate |
______ is the major site of water absorption (mono) |
Colon |
Volatile fatty acids are produced in the _____ |
Cecum |
T/F Horses have gall bladders |
False; Horses do not have gall bladders |
T/F The rumen turns unsaturated fat into saturated fats |
TRUE |
Purines |
Adenine
Guanine |
Pyrimidines |
Thymine
Cytosine |
T/F Mitosis forms haploid cell from diploid cell |
False;
Meiosis forms haploid cells from diploid cells Mitosis forms diploid cells from haploid cell |
Spermatogenisis forms _____ sperm and oogenisis forms one ovum |
Four |
T/F Mitosis occurs after fertilization |
TRUE |
____ are controlled by one or two genes |
Qualitative Traits |
_____ are controlled by many genes |
Quantitative Traits |
Heterosis |
Distantly related parents produce a better performing offspring |
Heritability |
h^2= Genotype/ (Genotype + Environment) |
T/F Lowly heritable traits generally exhibit a greater amount of heterosis than highly |
TRUE |
_____________ obtains maximum heterosis |
Two Breed Terminal Cross |
Somatotropin/GH |
Protein found in anterior pituitary that stimulates growth of bone and muscles and milk production |
Follicle Stimulating Hormone |
Glycoprotein in anterior pituitary that initiates spermatogenisis in males and stimulates estrogen production and granulosa cells in females |
Luteinizing Hormone |
Glycoprotein in anterior pituitary that stimulates interstitial cless to produce testosterone in males and stimulates luteal cells on ovary |
T/F The luteinizing hormone forms the corpus luteum |
True; Also stimulates estrogen and progesterone production, and stimulates ovulation |
___________ initiates and maintains lactation |
Prolactin |
Oxytocin |
Stimulates contraction of smoother muscle of uterus and oviduct
Stimulates "milk letdown" |
Gonadotroph Hormone stimulates release of ___ & ___ |
FSH
LH |
Adrenocorticotropin Hormone |
Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete corticosteriods involved in energy metabolism |
T/F Gonadal hormones are derived from cholesterol |
TRUE |
Testosterone is produced in the ______ cells |
Leydig |
______ stimulates estrus behavior |
Estrogen |
T/F Estrogen stimulates duct development in the mammary gland |
TRUE |
T/F Progesterone is produced only by the corpus luteum |
False; produced by the corpus luteum and placenta |
_______ causes regression of the corpus luteum & restarts estrous cycle |
Prostaglandin |
T/F The thyroid gland need iodine for normal function |
True |
_______ regulates sodium, calcium, and water balance |
Mineralcorticoids |
___________ regulates testes distance from body |
Cremaster muscles |
______ controls maturation, storage, and concentration of sperm cells |
Epididymis |
___________ transports sperm from caudal epididymus to urethra |
Vas Deferens |
T/F Seminal Vesicle secretes fluid into the urethra and is largest in the boar |
TRUE |
T/F Boars do not have ampulla |
TRUE |
T/F Bulls do not have Prostate Glands |
False rams do not have prostate glands |
______ large gland in the boar that empties into urethra away from the bladder |
Cowpers Gland |
T/F The bull, ram, and horse have fibroeleastic penis |
False; Bull Ram and Boar have fibroelastic penis
Horse has non-fibroelastic penis |
Pigs have _______ stucture in which the uterine horns are large and body is small |
Bicornuate |
T/F Bipartite structure is present in the horse, cow, and ewe |
TRUE |
_______ keeps uterus clean, only open during parturition and estrus |
Cervix |
T/F The cow, ewe, and sow have collagenous rings for cervix |
TRUE
Horses have folds |
T/F The vagina is the site for semen deposition in the sow |
False ; the cervix is site of semen deposition in the sow
the vagina is the site of semen deposition in the cow and ewe |
______ removes surface components of sperm and allows maturation of sperm |
capacitation |
Primary Follicle |
ovum surrounded by single layer of granulosa cell |
Secondary Follicle |
Granulosa cells increase in number through mitosis |
Tertiary Follicle |
begin to see antrum formation |
Graafian Follicle |
Mature follicle with mature ova, near rupture |
_____ occurs with a surge of LH stimulate enzyme to digest follicle wall |
Ovulation |
______ forms digestive tract, liver, lungs, kidneys |
Endoderm |
______ forms muscle, bone, and fat |
Mesoderm |
_______ forms skin, hair, brain, and spinal cord |
Ectoderm |
_______ layer of blastocyst grows into the fetus |
Inner cell mass |
______ forms placenta and embryonic membranes |
Trophoblast |
_______ is a layer of placenta that is in contact with uterus |
Chorion |
______ is the layer of the placenta that is closest to the embryo |
Amnion |
T/F the cow and the ewe have diffuse placental attachment |
FALSE
cow and ewe have cotyledonary attachments (specific points)sow and mare have diffuse attachment (entire placenta) |
Functions of Placenta |
Nourishment
ProtectionRespirationWaste RemovalHormone Prodcution |
T/F In Cow and Sow CL is present throughout pregnancy |
TRUE |
Gestation Lengths |
Cow=9months
Sow= 3months 3 weeks 3 daysEwe= 5monthsHorse= 11 months |
Factors Influencing Fetal Size |
Genetics
Age and Size of DamNutritionLitter SizeAmbient temperatureFetal Hormones |
T/F Ewes and Mares are seasonal breeders |
TRUE |
Signs of estrus in Cow |
Stands to be mounted
Swelliing/Redness of vulvaRestlessness/vocalizationRide herd mates |
Signs of Estrus in Sow |
Swelling/Redness of vulva
Restlessness/VocalizationMounts other sowsStands to be mountedErect earsstands for hand pressure |
Signs of Estrus in Mare |
Nervousness
Frequent urination/squattingStands for maleWinking of vulva |
Advantages of Artificial Insemination |
Use of genetically superior sires
Control DiseaseEliminate excess males on farmAccurate record keeping |
If checking sows for estrus once a day, sow should be bred within _______ after detection |
24 hours
12 hours if checking twice a day |
T/F Cow and ewe should be bred 12 hours after detection |
TRUE |
T/F There is no interchange of milk between udders |
TRUE |
Udders are supported by _____, ______, and _______ |
Median suspensory ligament
Lateral suspensory ligamentConnective tissue |
________ are the milk producing cells |
Epithelial cells |
_____ are smooth muscles that cause milk secretion into the lumen of the alveolus |
Myoepithelial cells |
________ is needed for alveolar-lobule development |
Pregesterone |
T/F Adrenaline blocks the effects of oxytocin |
TRUE |
______ causes contraction of myoepithelial cells |
Oxytocin |
First milk (colostrum) is high in _______________ |
immunoglobins |
Dairy cows generally lactate for _______ |
10-12 months |
Persistency= |
This months production/ Last months production X 100 |
A cows lactation schedule is adjusted in ______ |
305 days |
T/F Dry period is 40-60 days |
TRUE |
Factors Affecting Milk Production |
Breed
Size AgeLength of dry periodNutritionBody ConditionMilking frequencySeasonDiseaseManagement |
Mastitis |
Inflammation of udder
Caused by microbrial infectionReduces milk yield |
T/F Overfeeding can result in scours |
TRUE
This is the #1 cause of calf mortality |
Meat production is the main purpose of _______beef production |
Commercial |
Four Segments of Beef Production |
Purebred
CommercialStockerFinishing/Feedlot |
T/F Elite producers determine the direction of the industry by producing high valued cows |
TRUE |
_______ sell bulls and semen and spread the germ plasma |
Multipliers |
Profitability of Beef Production determined by: |
Percent Calf Crop Weaned
Calf Weaning WeightAnimal Cow Cost |
Breakeven price= |
Annual Cow Cost/Lbs of Calf Weaned Per Cow |
Lbs of calf weaned per cow= |
% Calf Crop X Weaning Weight |
Factors Affecting Weaning Weight |
Season
Quality of forage availableGrowth StimulatesCreep FeedingHeard Health ManagementBull's Weaning Weight EPDsHeterosis |
T/F Milk fever is seen soon after calving, signs reduced appetite, nervousness, & collapse |
TRUE |
T/F Oxymyoglobin has water in its binding site and has Fe2+ |
False
Oxymyoglobin has oxygen in its binding siteDeoxymyoglobin has water in binding site |