Study Guide: Terms and Definitions
54 Cards in this Set
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Social Penetration Theory
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relationship development is a process where we're trying to exchange more and more info from the 1st meeting.
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Post Positivistic Theory (Form)
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formal
law-like
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Post- Positivistic (Goals)
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1. Modified realist --> social world like physical world
2. Subjectivism--> correct
3. Leaky faucet--> some values at work
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Post- Positivistic (Methods)
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1. experiments
2. surveys
3. content analysis
4. direct observation
*Quantification & empirical evidence ^ for mainstreaming control*
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Post- Positivistic (Evaluations: validity, scope, parsimony, heuristic value)
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1. Validity=accuracy (observations should match predictions)
2. Scope= broad (etic)
3. Parsimony= favor simplicity
4. H.V.= new casual statements
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Post- Positivistic (Examples)
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1. Expectancy Violation Theory (EVT): perceived notion of how someone will act.
2. Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT): being cooperative & adapting to needs of audience
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Intereptive Theory (Form)
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rich, holistic analysis & synthesis
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Intereptive Theory (Goals)
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1. Nominal Ontology--> no real social world, create own ideas
2. Subjectivist--> situated understanding, dependent context
3. "Slab Leak"--> cannot be aware of our own biases
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Intereptive Theory (Methods)
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1. Interviews
2. Observation
3. participating
4. Grounded Theory
*Ethnography work (balance between participating/observing)
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Intereptive Theory (Evaluations: validity, scope, parsimony, heuristic value)
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1. Validity= comprehensive
2. Scope= deep understanding leads to ?'s
3. Parsimony= complex, not over-complicated
4. H.V.= encourages insight (new context & cases)
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Intereptive Theory (Examples)
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1. Relational Dialectics (RD): nonlinear messiness of relationships (Internal, External Dialectics & Praxis Patterns)
2. Speech Codes Theory (SCT): socially constructed system of how a community communicates
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Critical (Forms)
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fixing power imbalances
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Critical (Goals)
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*reveal power dynamics, make positive changes*
1. Social Constructionist--> we are the authors, can make changes
2. knowledge is power
3. "Fire Hose"--> use biases in research
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Critical (Methods)
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Mixed based on power dynamics
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Critical (Evaluations: validity, scope, parsimony, heuristic value)
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1. Validity= helpful, solve practical problems
2. Scope= address power imbalances
3. Parsimony= complex enough to help
4. H.V.= emphasize new solutions
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Critical (Examples)
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1. Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT): adapt messages
2. Relational Dialectics (RD): nonlinear messiness of relationships
3. Agenda Setting: Media not telling us WHAT to think but what to think ABOUT
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Ontology
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nature of being
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Epistemology
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nature and scope of knowledge
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Axiology
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study of values
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Etic VS. Emic
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Etic: GENERAL over all cultures
Emic: Specifics within a SINGLE cultural setting
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Metathoey
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theory about theory
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Key point of comparison between theories
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1. form: what the theory looks like/how it's put together
2. goals: what the problem is solving
3. Commitments: assumptions of Ontology, Epistemology & Axiology
4. methods: "which method is typical for the approach, why?"
5. evaluation: scope, heuristic value, parsimony, validity, ass…
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Stances Post-Positivists take on ontology (Realist, social, nominalist)
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Ontology:
Realist Ontology: social world is like real world
Social Ontology: real world is socially constructed, no real world
Nominalist Ontology: own idea of how the world is
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Stances Post-Positivists take on epistemology (objective, subjective)
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Objective stance: knowledge depends on casual relationships, connection between knower & the known & the goal of knowledge
Subjective: knowledge is a situated understanding. Need understanding of our own biases.
**P-P believe objectivism to be correct but modified because of the fal…
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Stances Post-Positivists take on Axiology
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P-P see values as something we can be aware of & try t control
Leaky Faucet: no values at work represent a turned off or broken faucet.
Fire Hose: values at work is like a non-stop fire hose
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What methods are usually Post-positivist?
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--> involve quantification & empirical evidence
(surveys, experiments, content analysis, direct observation)
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Key terms for describing post-Post-Positivist theory (unit, laws, boundaries, propositions, empirical indicators & hypotheses)
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Units: subject of theory
laws: interaction among units
boundaries: which theory it is expected to be held
Propositions: logical and true deductions about model
Empirical indicators: define operations through each theoretical unit is to be measured
Hypotheses:verification or falsifica…
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3 Theoretical Traditions (Interpretive)
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1. Hermeneutics: (jumping around) emphasizes rich understanding, metaphorical use of texts and importance of contexts
2. Phenomenology: to know, you must experience (botfly)
3. Symbolic Interactions: we create meaning through interactions
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what is hermeneutics?
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meaning through "text"
Text might include actual text & social phenomena (culture, relationships)
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iterative?
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bounce around, no particular order
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What is rich description? Holistic approach?
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Rich: detailed, even without experiencing yourself, able to draw insight
holistic: focus on every aspect
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Stances Interpretivists take on ontology?
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Nominalist: no "real" social world, random & chaotic, defined by our own ideas
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Stances Interpretivists take on epistemology?
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Subjectivist, situated understanding, inquiry from "inside" and no "end"
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Stances Interpretivists take on Axiology?
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very leaky faucet or "slab leak", values in work
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Methods typically in Interpretive research?
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--> direct experience, rich details
*Ethnography method: we see interview, focus groups
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Grounded Theory
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Prioritizes research before theorizing, ground--> up
Inductive approach (consistent with interpretive approach)
systematic
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Historical traditions of Critical approach
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Power & social change
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Hypothesis VS. research questions
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P-P: hyp
Interpretive: research
critical: depends on which approach
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Critical stance on ontology
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Social constructionist and duality of structure
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Critical stance on epistemology
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Knowledge as power
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Critical stance on axiology
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Fire hose
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How did researchers apply relational dialectics to help family farms plan for succession?
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Relinquish control VS retaining control, balance between what is fair and what is right
profit vs affordability
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Example the themes that emerge across examples (varied approaches, theory building & helping, power imbalances)
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Varied approaches: saw both post-positivist (police) and interpretive (family farm) in critical theory
theory building & helping: empirical observations and conceptualizations and they all sought to address power imbalances
power imbalances: police/citizens, media/citizens, owner/inheri…
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Substructure VS superstructure
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Substructure: economic and production base of society (capitalism/communism, means of production)
Superstructure: noneconomic factors such as religion, politics, art and literature
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2 processes for building lay and formal theories
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Lay Theory: using world around you to solve a problem
Formal Theory: written, elaborated, expectations
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Define Induction & deduction
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Induction: specific to general
Deduction: general to specific
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Realist, nominalist, social constructionist ontological perspectives
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Realist: believe the world if real as how we see it
Nominalist: reality only has the meaning that each of is give to it
Social C: work together to create reality
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Objective & subjective notions of epsitemology
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Objective: knowledge can exist without experience
Subjective: cannot separate our knowledge from our own perspective. Every experience is different, can't "give" knowledge.
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5 key communication assumptions
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Process: happens over time
Transactional: involves feedback, goes 2 ways
Symbolic: fuzzy, no obvious reason for why
Social: limits phenomena that includes at least 2 people.
Intentional: depends on perspective, being aware of how you're communicating.
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SMCR model
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S: source
M: message
C: channel
R: receiver
linear model, much too simplistic
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Social cognitive theory
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Considers cognitive and behavioral factors that influence learning
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Agenda setting
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...
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Cultivation theories
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Less about learning, more about long-term world-view.
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Spiral of silence
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Study Guide: Terms and Definitions