COMM 305: EXAM 2
67 Cards in this Set
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Interpersonal Communication
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messages that occur between two, interdependent persons, with a focus on how interpersonal messages are offered to initiate, define, maintain, or further a relation.
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Interpersonal Communication refers to-
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both content and quality of messages and the possibility of further relationship development.
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Politeness Theory
- Brown and Levinson
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Premise: explains how we manage our own and others' identities through interaction, in particular, through the use of politeness strategies.
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Assumptions: Politeness Theory
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PT assumes that all individuals are concerned with maintaining face. Face refers to the desired self-image that you wish to present to others; face also includes the recognition that our interactional partners have face needs of their own.
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Positive Face
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P.F. includes a person's need to be liked, appreciated, and admired by select persons. Maintaining positive face includes using behaviors to ensure that these significant others continue to view you in an affirming fashion
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Negative Face
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Assumes a person's desire to act freely, without constraints or imposition from others.
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Positive and Negative face
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It is difficult to achieve positive and negative face simultaneously; that is, acting in a way so that you gain other's approval often interferes with autonomous and unrestricted behavior.
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Politeness Theory
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PT assumes that human beings are rational and goal oriented, at least with respect to achieving face needs. You have choices and make communicative decisions to achieve your relational and task-oriented goals within the context of maintaining face. "Everyone's face depends on everyone e…
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Politeness Theory: Face Threatening
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maintains that some behaviors are fundamentally face threatening. Inevitably, you will threaten someone else's face, just as another person will, at some point, threaten yours. These face-threatening acts (FTAs) include common behaviors such as apologies, compliments, criticisms, reques…
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Preserving Face
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Preventive facework strategies include communications that a person can use to help oneself or another avert FTAs.
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Corrective Facework
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consists of messages that an individual can use to restore one's own face or to help another restore face after an FTA has occurred.
Includes the use of strategies such as avoidance, humor, apologies, accounts, or explanations of inappropriate actions, and physical remediat…
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Five strategies one can use when communicating in a manner that could threaten the face of another
1. A speaker who uses avoidance simply chooses not to communicate in a way that would create embarrassment or a
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1. A speaker who uses avoidance simply chooses not to communicate in a way that would create embarrassment or a loss of face for another
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2. A speaker who goes off the record subtly hints or indirectly mentions the face-threatening logic.
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3. Negative politeness occurs when the speaker makes an effort to recognize the other's negative face needs, that is, the receiver's need of freedom and lack of restraint
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4. Using positive politeness, the speaker emphasizes the receiver's need for positive face, that is, the need to be liked. By ingratiating the receiver with flattery and compliments, you hope to camouflage your face-threatening behavior
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5. The least polite strategy is to go bald on record, or make no attempt to protect the other's face and simply commits the FTA.
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According to Politeness Theory
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people choose to engage in FTAs rather than tactically. there are three factors that influence politeness strategies.
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The three Factors the influence Politeness Strategies.
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1. If a person has more prestige than you (someone with an impressive title or a great deal of money), you will be more polite.
2. If someone has more power over you (your boss, or even your auto mechanic if your car is not running), you will be more polite.
3. If what you are g…
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Social Exchange Theory
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(SET) clarifies when and why individuals continue and develop some personal relationships while ending others. The theory also takes into account how satisfied you will be with the relationships that you choose to maintain.
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Assumptions of Social Exchange Theory
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Personal relationships are a function of comparing benefits gained versus costs to attain those benefits
People want to make the most of the benefits, while lessening the costs.
By nature, humans are selfish, thus as a human being, you tend to look out for yourself first…
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Core Components of Social Exchange Theory
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We must acknowledge that social relationships bring both rewards and costs. The outcome of the relationship is the ratio of rewards to costs in a given relationship.
rewards-costs= Outcome
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The Second Core Element- Comparison Level
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The comparison level (CL) represents what rewards a person expects to receive in a particular relationship.
-SET maintains that individuals compare their current outcome value with their CL. If you perceive more rewards than costs in your relationship and this matches or exceeds y…
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The Third Component- Comparison level of alternatives
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For an relationship to continue or end, individuals must also examine their comparison level of alternatives.
Only when you perceive that the alternatives are greater than your outcome and greater than you CL will you end your relationship.
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Predictions made by Social Exchange Theory
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outcome>CL=satisfied
outcomes<CL=dissatisfied
outcome>CL Alt =stay
outcome<CL Alt = terminate
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Assumptions of the Dialectical Perspective
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1. the development of a relationship is neither linear (always moving forward) nor repetitive (cycling through the same things again and again). Instead, a dialectical perspective assumes that relationships can become more intimate or less intimate over time.
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Assumptions of Dialectical Perspective
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2. Change, or motion, is the second assumption.
A dialectical approach presumes that the only guarantee in a relationship that it will change. It is virtually impossible to maintain a relationship because maintenance implies a steady state.
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Assumptions of Dialectical Perspective
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3. The third assumption is that relationships are grounded in interdependent, yet mutually negating contradictions
Both partners in a relationship have essential, yet opposing needs. Because these needs counteract each other, ongoing tensons result.
The dialectical perspe…
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Assumptions of Dialectical Perspective
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4. The last assumption, totality, emphasizes interdependence between relationship partners
without interdependence, a relationship cannot exist.
A tension that ou feel will ultimately affect our partner.
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The autonomy-connection dialectic
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1. The autonomy- connection dialectic refers to the tension between the desire to feel connected to one's partner versus the desire to maintain a sense of independence.
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The openness-closedness dialectic
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2. The openness-closedness dialectic includes the pull between wanting to open up and self-disclose while also wanting to maintain one's privacy.
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thee Central tensions thought to exist between relationship partners
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1. Autonomy-connection dialectic
2. The openness-closedness dialectic
3. The predictability-novelty dialectic
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The predictability-novelty dialectic
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3. The predictability-novelty dialectic is the tension between wanting stability or steadiness while also wanting opportunities for spontaneity.
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Three central tensions are thought to exist between relational partners as a unit and their social world
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1. The inclusion-seclusion dialectic
2. The revelation-concealment dialectic
3. The conventionality-uniqueness dialectic.
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The inclusion-seclusion dialectic
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Emphasizes the tension partners experience when they want to spend time with friends, family, etc., versus wanting to spend their time alone as a couple.
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The revelation-concealment dialectic
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Involves the tension between relationship partners who want to reveal aspects of their relationship to the outside world, while also wanting to keep some aspects private
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The conventionality- uniqueness dialectic
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Emphasizes the tension partners feel between wanting to behave in ways that are considered normative versus wanting to emphasize their relationship's uniqueness by doing something differently.
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To sustain a relationship, these tensions must be managed through four primary strategies
1. The selection strategy involves choosing to favor one pole or need at the expense of another.
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2. The cyclic alteration (sometimes referred to as (spiraling alteration) fulfill one pole or need now and will shift to fulfill the other pole later.
3. Segmentation compartmentalizes the relationship such that certain issues coincide with one pole or need, and the other issues ar…
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Communication Privacy Management Theory
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CPM'S central idea is that people make decisions about whether to reveal or conceal private information based on specific rules.
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Principles of Communication Privacy Management Theory
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1. The major tension in the case of CPM is between revealing and concealing private info (public-private dialectical tension)
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Principles of Comm. Privacy Management Theory
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2. This Theory defines private information as information that is inaccessible to others.
According to Petronio (2002), the central feature of private info is possession. Individuals with private info make choices about to whom the share info, as well as what they share, whe…
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Principle of Comm. Privacy Management Theory
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3. These decisions about sharing private information are reulated by particular privacy rules.
Cultural Criteria
gender criteria
motivational criteria
contextual criteria
Risk-Benefit critera
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Principle of Comm. Management Theory
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Theory
4. The fourth principle is based on boundaries.
Personal boundaries are those that contain individual info.
Collective boundaries are those that contain shared information.
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Principle of Comm. Privacy Management Theory
5. The fifth principle of CPM is boundary coordination, which refers to the ways that collective boundaries are maintained.
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Boundary linkage refers to alliances between the owners of the info.
Boundary ownership refers to the rights and responsibilities bourn by the owners of the information.
Boundary permeability refers to how much info is easily passed through the boundary. some boundaries are…
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Principle of Comm. Privacy Management Theory
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6. The final principle is the notion of boundary turbulence, which occurs when the rules for privacy management are not clear.
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Culture Defined
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Culture is one's identification with and acceptance into a group that shares symbols, meanings, experiences, and behavior.
Cross-cultural communication is the comparison of two or more cultural communities.
Intercultural comm. involves the actual interaction between memb…
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Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions
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- Hofstede conclude that there are five dimensions that can be used to differentiate and rank various cultures.
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1. Individualism-Collectivism. This dimension addresses how people define themselves and their relationship with others.
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a. cultures that fall on the individual side share four characteristics.
I. Such cultures consider the individual to be the most important entity in any social setting.
II. Individualistic cultures stress independence rather than dependence
III. Individualistic cultures rewar…
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Individualism-Collectivism cont.
B. Cultures that fall on the collectivistic side also share four characteristics.
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I. In collectivistic cultures, the views, needs, and goals of the group are more important than an individual views, needs, or goals.
II. Obligation to the group is the norm in collectivistic cultures; behavior is guided by duty not by indiv. pleasure or rewards.
III. The slef defin…
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Uncertainty Avoidance
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Refers to he extent to which "people within a culture are made nervous by situations which hey perceive as unstructured, unclear, or unpredictable.
I. Individuals in low uncertainty avoidance cultures are more inclined to take risks, innovate an value "Think outside the box."
II…
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Power Distance
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Refers to the extent to which people w/ little power in society consider inequity normal and acceptable.
I. Cultures w/ low power distance value minimization of power distance.
II. High power distance cultures accept power as a scarce resource.
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Masculinity-Femininity
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focuses on the relationship between biological sex and what is considered sex-appropriate behavior.
I. Masculine cultures use the reality of biological sex in the creation of distinct roles for men and women.
II. Feminine cultures have fewer rid roles for behavior based on biolo…
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Long-term and Short-term Orientation
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I. Long-term orientation is associated with thrift, savings, and perseverance.
II. A short-term orientation centers on a desire for immediate gratification. Individuals spend money to impress others.
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Communication Accommodation Theory
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A. When individuals interact with others, individuals will accommodate their speech and language patterns, either by matching their partner's speech of by differentiating their speech and language use.
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Communication Accommodation Theory
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B. Communicating Social Identity Through In-Groups and Out-Groups
1. Giles and Coupland assumed that individuals belong to a wide variety of social groups, such as groupings based on ethnicity, race, gender, and religion. Moreover, they maintained that these groups shape each pers…
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Accommodation through Convergence or Divergence
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1. Individuals adjust their speech and conversational patterns either in an effort to assimilate with or to deviate from others.
a. Comm. Acomm. Theory. predicts that when a person wants to be viewed as part of an in-group, he or she will accommodate by convergence.
I. Y…
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Accommodation through Convergence or Divergence..cont.
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B. conversely, there are times when individuals don't want to be associated with a certain group. In this instance, you will alter our speech through divergence.
I. Rather than match your partner's communication patterns, you will seek to make your speech different.
II.…
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Accommodation through Convergence or Divergence..Cont.
Who accommodates to whom?
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There are differences in accommodation across different groups because these differences say a great deal about the importance of perceived status, authority, and cultural and social identity within our multicultural society.
a. In her research, Larkey (1996)reported that when…
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Who accommodates whom? Cont...
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that is, they maintain their communicative style regardless of their conversational partner because it is commonly defined as the "standard" in both the U.S. and much of Europe.
B. Conversely, minority employees (including women and members of racial and ethnic minorities) typicall…
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The Pitfalls of Accommodation
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1. Accommodation is not always appropriate or effective. When in doubt, individuals rely on social norms to inform their decision to accommodate or not.
2. Consequences of Accommodation
a. Convergence
I. positive effects: increased attraction social approval and incr…
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The pitfalls of Accommodation... Cont.
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II. Negative Effects: incorrect stereotypes of out-group, perceived condescension, loss of personal identity.
B. Divergence
I. Positive Effects: protects cultural identity, asserts power differences, increased sympathy.
II. Neg. Effects- Perceived disdain fr out-…
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Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory (AUM)
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Theory (AUM)
A. Influenced by URT, AUM predicts that communication effectiveness and intercultural effectiveness is a combined result of reducing intercultural anxiety and uncertainty.
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Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory (AUM): Assumptions
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1. Cultural strangers are out-group member, and cultural natives are in-group members.
2. When a communicating with a stranger, uncertainty and anxiety abound. Uncertainty is not all equivalent.
A. Attributional confidence- appropriately discerning and reducing uncertainty …
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Axioms- There are now 47 axioms (37 @ on point in time,) which can be grouped into these categories.
- These help determine the uncertainty and anxiety a person will experience
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1. Self-concept- self-esteem, personal identity, and social identity.
2. Motivation to interact with strangers- need for predictability, group inclusion, and identity sustainability.
3. Reactions to strangers- empathy, tolerance for ambiguity, and rigidly of intergroup attitudes…
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Effective Communication
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Occurs when "the person interpreting the message attaches a meaning to the message that is relatively similar to what was intended by the person transmitting it"
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Mindfulness
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The key to effective communication, which is thoughtful, conscious behavior.
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Intercultural adjustment
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A secondary outcome of positively reducing anxiety and uncertainty.
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Face-Negotiation Theory
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A. Individuals try to balance their own positive and negative face needs while also attending to their partner's face needs.
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Face-Negotiation Theory
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B. Combining Face with Cultural Orientation
1. FNT posits that members of individualistic cultures primarily focus on negative face- that is they prefer to present themselves as confident, self-directed, and independent (Ting-Toomey, 1988). Collectivistic cultures want to be se…
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Face-Negotiation Theory
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C. Global Understanding of Conflict Management
1. According to Kilmann and Thomas (1977), five conflict styles vary on two dimensions: Assertiveness and cooperation.
a. Those who avoid conflict lack assertiveness and cooperation
b. Those who accommodate, cooperate …
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Study Guide: Terms and Definitions