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Study Guide: Terms and Definitions
Social Penetration Theory |
relationship development is a process where we're trying to exchange more and more info from the 1st meeting. |
Post Positivistic Theory (Form)
|
formal
law-like |
Post- Positivistic (Goals)
|
1. Modified realist --> social world like physical world
2. Subjectivism--> correct
3. Leaky faucet--> some values at work |
Post- Positivistic (Methods)
|
1. experiments
2. surveys
3. content analysis
4. direct observation
*Quantification & empirical evidence ^ for mainstreaming control* |
Post- Positivistic (Evaluations: validity, scope, parsimony, heuristic value)
|
1. Validity=accuracy (observations should match predictions)
2. Scope= broad (etic)
3. Parsimony= favor simplicity
4. H.V.= new casual statements |
Post- Positivistic (Examples) |
1. Expectancy Violation Theory (EVT): perceived notion of how someone will act.
2. Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT): being cooperative & adapting to needs of audience |
Intereptive Theory (Form) |
rich, holistic analysis & synthesis |
Intereptive Theory (Goals) |
1. Nominal Ontology--> no real social world, create own ideas
2. Subjectivist--> situated understanding, dependent context
3. "Slab Leak"--> cannot be aware of our own biases
|
Intereptive Theory (Methods) |
1. Interviews
2. Observation
3. participating
4. Grounded Theory
*Ethnography work (balance between participating/observing) |
Intereptive Theory (Evaluations: validity, scope, parsimony, heuristic value) |
1. Validity= comprehensive
2. Scope= deep understanding leads to ?'s
3. Parsimony= complex, not over-complicated
4. H.V.= encourages insight (new context & cases) |
Intereptive Theory (Examples) |
1. Relational Dialectics (RD): nonlinear messiness of relationships (Internal, External Dialectics & Praxis Patterns)
2. Speech Codes Theory (SCT): socially constructed system of how a community communicates |
Critical (Forms) |
fixing power imbalances |
Critical (Goals) |
*reveal power dynamics, make positive changes*
1. Social Constructionist--> we are the authors, can make changes
2. knowledge is power
3. "Fire Hose"--> use biases in research |
Critical (Methods) |
Mixed based on power dynamics |
Critical (Evaluations: validity, scope, parsimony, heuristic value) |
1. Validity= helpful, solve practical problems
2. Scope= address power imbalances
3. Parsimony= complex enough to help
4. H.V.= emphasize new solutions |
Critical (Examples) |
1. Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT): adapt messages
2. Relational Dialectics (RD): nonlinear messiness of relationships
3. Agenda Setting: Media not telling us WHAT to think but what to think ABOUT |
Ontology |
nature of being |
Epistemology |
nature and scope of knowledge |
Axiology |
study of values |
Etic VS. Emic |
Etic: GENERAL over all cultures
Emic: Specifics within a SINGLE cultural setting |
Metathoey |
theory about theory |
Key point of comparison between theories |
1. form: what the theory looks like/how it's put together
2. goals: what the problem is solving
3. Commitments: assumptions of Ontology, Epistemology & Axiology
4. methods: "which method is typical for the approach, why?"
5. evaluation: scope, heuristic value, parsimony, validity, assumptions |
Stances Post-Positivists take on ontology (Realist, social, nominalist) |
Ontology:
Realist Ontology: social world is like real world
Social Ontology: real world is socially constructed, no real world
Nominalist Ontology: own idea of how the world is |
Stances Post-Positivists take on epistemology (objective, subjective) |
Objective stance: knowledge depends on casual relationships, connection between knower & the known & the goal of knowledge
Subjective: knowledge is a situated understanding. Need understanding of our own biases.
**P-P believe objectivism to be correct but modified because of the fallibility of observation |
Stances Post-Positivists take on Axiology |
P-P see values as something we can be aware of & try t control
Leaky Faucet: no values at work represent a turned off or broken faucet.
Fire Hose: values at work is like a non-stop fire hose |
What methods are usually Post-positivist? |
--> involve quantification & empirical evidence
(surveys, experiments, content analysis, direct observation) |
Key terms for describing post-Post-Positivist theory (unit, laws, boundaries, propositions, empirical indicators & hypotheses) |
Units: subject of theory
laws: interaction among units
boundaries: which theory it is expected to be held
Propositions: logical and true deductions about model
Empirical indicators: define operations through each theoretical unit is to be measured
Hypotheses:verification or falsification |
3 Theoretical Traditions (Interpretive) |
1. Hermeneutics: (jumping around) emphasizes rich understanding, metaphorical use of texts and importance of contexts
2. Phenomenology: to know, you must experience (botfly)
3. Symbolic Interactions: we create meaning through interactions |
what is hermeneutics? |
meaning through "text"
Text might include actual text & social phenomena (culture, relationships) |
iterative? |
bounce around, no particular order |
What is rich description? Holistic approach? |
Rich: detailed, even without experiencing yourself, able to draw insight
holistic: focus on every aspect |
Stances Interpretivists take on ontology? |
Nominalist: no "real" social world, random & chaotic, defined by our own ideas |
Stances Interpretivists take on epistemology? |
Subjectivist, situated understanding, inquiry from "inside" and no "end" |
Stances Interpretivists take on Axiology? |
very leaky faucet or "slab leak", values in work |
Methods typically in Interpretive research? |
--> direct experience, rich details
*Ethnography method: we see interview, focus groups |
Grounded Theory |
Prioritizes research before theorizing, ground--> up
Inductive approach (consistent with interpretive approach)
systematic |
Historical traditions of Critical approach |
Power & social change |
Hypothesis VS. research questions |
P-P: hyp
Interpretive: research
critical: depends on which approach |
Critical stance on ontology |
Social constructionist and duality of structure |
Critical stance on epistemology |
Knowledge as power |
Critical stance on axiology |
Fire hose |
How did researchers apply relational dialectics to help family farms plan for succession? |
Relinquish control VS retaining control, balance between what is fair and what is right
profit vs affordability |
Example the themes that emerge across examples (varied approaches, theory building & helping, power imbalances) |
Varied approaches: saw both post-positivist (police) and interpretive (family farm) in critical theory
theory building & helping: empirical observations and conceptualizations and they all sought to address power imbalances
power imbalances: police/citizens, media/citizens, owner/inheritance
|
Substructure VS superstructure |
Substructure: economic and production base of society (capitalism/communism, means of production)
Superstructure: noneconomic factors such as religion, politics, art and literature |
2 processes for building lay and formal theories |
Lay Theory: using world around you to solve a problem
Formal Theory: written, elaborated, expectations |
Define Induction & deduction |
Induction: specific to general
Deduction: general to specific |
Realist, nominalist, social constructionist ontological perspectives |
Realist: believe the world if real as how we see it
Nominalist: reality only has the meaning that each of is give to it
Social C: work together to create reality |
Objective & subjective notions of epsitemology |
Objective: knowledge can exist without experience
Subjective: cannot separate our knowledge from our own perspective. Every experience is different, can't "give" knowledge. |
5 key communication assumptions |
Process: happens over time
Transactional: involves feedback, goes 2 ways
Symbolic: fuzzy, no obvious reason for why
Social: limits phenomena that includes at least 2 people.
Intentional: depends on perspective, being aware of how you're communicating. |
SMCR model |
S: source
M: message
C: channel
R: receiver
linear model, much too simplistic |
Social cognitive theory |
Considers cognitive and behavioral factors that influence learning |
Agenda setting |
... |
Cultivation theories |
Less about learning, more about long-term world-view. |
Spiral of silence |
... |