CSD 175: INFANT COMMUNICATION CHAPTER 5
50 Cards in this Set
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Speech Perception
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- Infants are good at deciphering speech patterns, which helps them break continuous speech into smaller units
- Use prosotic and phonotactic cues
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Speech Perception: Prosotic Cues
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- Infants start to decipher pitch, loudness, duration and sounds-- these things help them recognize stress and intonation patterns
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Speech Perceptions: Phonotactic Cues
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- Infants begin to recognize speech sounds (phonemes) and common combinations of phonemes-- helps then make sense of language
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Hearing Perception
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- Newborn hearing screenings are done in the hospitals after birth; if there are concerns, the child is referred to a specialist
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Pattern Seekers
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- Infants are pattern seekers and have a tremendous capacity for perceiving:
--their own cries
--their mother's voice
--Categorical Perception
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Pattern Seekers: Their own cries
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- Infants can perceive their own cries
--make their needs known
--cries sound different based on how they feel, what they need (hunger vs. tired vs. uncomfortable)
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Pattern Seekers: Their mother's voice
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- Infants can perceive their mother's voice
--can hear their mother's voice in the womb
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Pattern Seekers: Categorical Perception
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- Infants can categorize input in ways that highlight a difference
--They will categorize based upon:
--according to the features of phonemes (voiced vs. voiceless)
--help build their language skills (help them learn new concepts and new words)
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Pattern Seekers: Categorical Perception (part 2)
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Babies will first categorize at a basic level
--then, categorize based on PERCEPTUAL things (color, shape, size --> things that look alike)
--Then, categorize based on CONCEPTUAL things (grouped by what they do --> cat: meows, ball: rolls, animals: make noise, etc.)
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Auditory Perception
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- Hearing at birth/hearing screenings
- Early cues of infant hearing loss
-- absence of reaction/ startle to loud stimuli
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Early Language Development:
0-2 Months
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- Reflexive sounds
--No control: sounds of DISCOMFORT (crying, fussing)
--No control: VEGETATIVE SOUNDS (burping, coughing)
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Early Language Development:
2-4 Months
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- Control of Phonation
--More control: cooing, gooing
--vowel-like sounds, some consonants will occur (nasal sounds: "m", "n")
--"raspberries"
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Early Language Development:
4-6 Months
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- Expansion
--gain even more control
--a lot of vowels, but add in a glide sound "y"
--experimenting with loudness and pitch
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Early Language Development:
5-8 Months
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- Control of Articulation
--able to produce more sounds; precisely manipulate the tongue, lips and teeth
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Early Language Development:
6-10 Months
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Canonical Syllables
--begin to produce CV syllables ("da", "ma")
--Babbling Emerges
--Reduplicated
--Variegated
--Continue using nasal sounds (m,n)
--Use stops (p,b,t,d)
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Early Language Development:
10-18 Months
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- Advanced Forms
- More complex syllable shapes
--Not just CV, might have VC, CCV, CVC, VVC etc.
- jargon begins
--special kind of babbling
--must contain 2 syllables, 2 consonants, 2 vowels, and varied stress and intonation patterns
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Babbling
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Three Types:
--Marginal Babbling
--Reduplicated Babbling
--Variegated Babbling
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Marginal Babbling
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- earliest type; short strings of consonant-like and vowel-like sounds ( not true consonants and vowel)
- 5-8 months of age
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Reduplicated Babbling
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-consists of CV pairs (ma-ma-ma)
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Variegated/ non-reduplicated babbling
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- non-repeating babbling (ba-da-ma)
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Babbling
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Why?
--exploring sounds
--facilitates reactions from adults which helps to build social interactions and attachments
Does it relate to S/L development?
--YES- propels the child towards using real words
--precursor to speech, indicator of cognitive and socio-…
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Stages of Infant Communication (3)
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- Perlocutionary (0-6 months)
- Illocutionary (6-12 months)
- Locutionary (12+ months)
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Stages of Infant Communication: Perlocutionary
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- 0-6 months
- communication= interpretations of infant behavior by the caregiver (no intention behind their communication)
- babbling emerges; playing with sounds, not intentional communication
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Stages of Infant Communication: Illocutionary
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- 6-12 months
- communication: intentional behavior
- gesturing, wanting an object
- jargon emerges-- using a word for an object consistently, even though it may not be the right word
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Stages of Infant Communication: Locutionary
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- 12+ months
- Children use words to express intentions
- Using real words to communicate
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Child/ Caregiver Interactions/ Attachment
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- Attachment is HUGE
--building bond between caregiver and infant- breastfeeding is pushed to create bond
- 2-way street- both baby and caregiver
--includes physical and emotional factors
-- physical: closeness, touching, warmth
-- Emotional: sensitivity of caregiver, ability…
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Attachment (cont.)
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Factors affecting attachment:
- infant: arousal, temperament
- Caregiver: emotions, experience
Attachment is going to help lay the foundation of speech and language
- babies learn to communicate their needs
- infant and caregiver engage in social interaction
- attachment is going to…
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Infant Cry Behavior
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- infants have four distinct, different cry behaviors
--birth cry
--hunger cry
--pain cry
--anger cry
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Infant Gaze Patterns
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Infants demonstrate 3 different visual behaviors:
- Mutual gaze
- Gaze coupling
- Diectic gaze
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Infant Gaze Patterns: Mutual Gaze
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- caregiver and baby looking at each other
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Infant Gaze Patterns: Gaze Coupling
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- after mutual gaze; alternating looking at a person and looking at something else--conversation with eyes
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Infant Gaze Patterns: Diectic Gaze
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- one (baby or caregiver) will point with eyes (visual behavior) and the other will follow
- comes last of gaze patterns
- allows for joint reference
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Infant Social Smiles
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Two types of smile behaviors:
1) reflexive smile
2) social smile
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Infant Smile Behavior: Reflexive Smiling
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- happens a lot when the baby is sleeping
- no control over this; happens with newborn babies
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Infant Smile Behavior: Social Smiling
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- 1-2 months of age
- occurs in response to something--caregiver's talking
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Infant Vocal Behaviors: Perlocutionary
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- 3 types in perlocutionary stage:
--gooing
--cooing
--babbling
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Infant Vocal Behaviors: Perlocutionary: Gooing/Cooing
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- hear 1-4 months of age
- pleasure sounds
- first sounds to indicate talking
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Infant Vocal behaviors: Perlocutionary: Babbling
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- lots of syllable shapes
- still not intentional
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Child Directed Speech
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- infant-directed speech: motherese
- Characteristics:
--close proximity
--higher pitch, pitch fluctuation
--slower rate, more pauses
--shortened utterances (lower MLU)
--limited vocabulary
--Context based content
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Joint Attention
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Combination of:
- joint reference= attention shared between the infant and caregiver
- joint action= shared participation in an activity
Babies will learn to utilize strategies and behaviors that the caregiver models to achieve their goals--> babies learn a lot from watching …
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Infant Vocalizations and Turn Taking
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When does turn-taking emerge in young children?
- begins with gaze coupling and when the infant begins to coo and goo
What are protoconversations?
- first signs of social turn-taking
- mom will say something and the baby will respond with a reaction or gesture or a coo/goo
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Illocutionary Stage of Communication
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- indicates intentionality in infant conversation (or communication)
- Emerges 6-12 months of age
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Behaviors Signaling Intentionality
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- more sophisticated joint attention
--helps the baby create new word-learning situations
--reading a book together
--two or more people focused on a single object
- pointing to communicate
- use of protodeclaratives and protoimperatives
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Protodeclaratives
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like a declarative; use of an object to gain an adult's attention
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Protoimperative
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like an imperative; infant uses an adult to gain a desired object
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Illocutionary Stage Vocal Behaviors
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-Advanced babbling
- Phonetically consistent forms
- Jargon
- Echolalia
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Illocutionary Stage Vocal Behaviors: Advanced Babbling
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- use more complex syllable shapes
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Illocutionary Stage Vocal Behaviors: Phonetically Consistent Forms
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- also called proto-words (word-like)
- vocalizations used consistently by the child in reference to something
- Sound similar to the word, but not exactly the word
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Illocutionary Stage Vocal Behaviors: Jargon
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- special type of babbling: two consonants, two vowels, varies in stress and intonation patterns
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Illocutionary Stage Vocal Behaviors: Echolalia
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- imitating adult productions of words and utterances
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CSD 175: INFANT COMMUNICATION CHAPTER 5