CSD 175 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 14-19KEY TERMS:- Roger Brown- Browns Stages- Mean Length of Utterance- 14 Grammatical Morphemeso Present Progressiveo Pluralo Preposition “in”o Preposition “on”o Possessiveo Regular Past Tenseo Irregular Past Tenseo Regular 3rd Person Singularo Articles “A” and “The”o Contractible copulao Contractible auxiliaryo Uncontractible copulao Uncontractible auxiliaryo Irregular 3rd person- Sentenceso Phraseo Clauseo Sentence- Sentence Typeso Declarativeo Interrogativeo Negativeo Imperativeo Passive- Complex Sentences- Compound Sentences- Initial reading stage- Confirmation- Reading to learn- Multiple viewpoints- Construction/Reconstruction- Phonological Awarenesso Syllable segmentationo Sound identificationo Rhymeo Word segmentationo Grapheme/phoneme- Figurative Languageo Metaphorso Simileso Hyperboleso Idiomso Irony/Sarcasm- Direct Instruction- Contextual abstraction- Morphological analysis- Homophones- Homographs- Homonyms- Inflectional Morphemes- Derivational Morphemes- Derivational Morphology- Syntactic Complexity- Functional Flexibility- Narrative Developmento Causal Structureo Story Grammaro Appendageso Orientationso Evaluations- Stages in the Development of narrativeso Descriptive Sequenceo Action Sequenceo Reaction Sequenceo Abbreviated Episodeo Complete Episodeo Complex Episodeo Interactive Episode- Expository Discourseo Expository- Genderlect- Language in Aging- Speech in Aging- Hearing in AgingLecture 14-16 (October 15th, 20th, 22nd)Developing Grammar in Preschool- Roger Browno Studied the acquisition patterns of children with regard to languageo Morphology and Syntaxo Studied 3 children for over 5 years to determine what constituted typical morphosyntactical developmento Created a 5 stage system to characterize language growth- Browns 5 stageso 1. MLU (MEAN LENGTH UTTERENCE) of 1.0-2.0 Children 12-26 months Hearing just single wordso 2. MLU 2.0-2.5 27-30 months of age Modulation of meaning: understanding more and how to combine words See bound wording (es,ed)o 3. MLU 2.5-3.0 31-34 months of age When sentences begin to form, simple subject verb sentences “I go home”o 4. MLU 3.0-3.75 35-40 months of age Children are using more complex sentences “I ate pizza after school”o 5. MLU 3.75-4.5 40 months and olderConjoined sentences; might use conjunctions to join sentences together- Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)o Typical length of utterance is a strong indicator of grammatical developmento MLU is calculate as a ratio of total # of morphemes to total # of utteranceso If a child has a low MLU the child doesn’t have a variety of wordso 50 utterances give a good calculation of MLUTotal # of morphemes in sampleTotal # of utterances = MLU- Grammatical Morphemeso Being to emerge in Stage IIo Morphemes are acquired in the same sequence, though rate of mastery varieso Ranked in their order of masteryo We know they are rule based because: Children cant express why they do what they do Children make creative errors- Stage II grammatical morphemes- Stage III grammatical morphemes- Stage V grammatical morphemes- Late Stage V grammatical morphemesPresent Progressive-ingPresent Progressive-ingPlural -sPlural -sPreposition "in"Preposition "in"Preposition "on"Preposition "on"Possessive -sPossessive -sRegular past tense -edRegular past tense -edIrregular past tense "caught"Irregular past tense "caught"Regular 3rd person singluar "He walks"Regular 3rd person singluar "He walks"Articles "A" and "the"Articles "A" and "the"Contractible copula "to be" "He is home"Contractible copula "to be" "He is home"- Copula verb= only verb in a sentence Ex. I am tired; Mike is hungry; We were late- Auxiliary Verb= is a helping verb Ex. I am going to class Ex. Mom is making breakfast Ex. The boy was reading- Regular 3rd person singular (R3P)o Verbs that happen in the present tense and are attached to a third person singular subject (he, she, it)o Sits, eats, plays Ex. He swims in the watero If the verb looks like it has a plural “s”, its very likely third person singular- Irregular 3rd person singular (I3P)o Always “does” or “how” Ex. “He has 2 dogs”- Sentenceso Basic Sentence Constituents1. Phrase: sequence of two or more words not containing a verba. Ex. Big boy2. Clause: group of words with a subject and a predicatea. Ex. Big boy eat3. Sentence: clause that is structurally competea. Ex. The big boy eats a cookie- Sentence Typeso Declarative: make a statementso Interrogative: involve questioningo Negative: express negations (no, not, cant, don’t, wont)o Imperative: sentence that makes a request or gives an order Ex. “You need to be ready by 3 o’clock”o Passive: subjects doesn’t actually perform the action of the sentence  Ex. “John was driven to the zoo”- Complex and Compound SentencesContractable auxiliary "helping verb""I'm running"Contractable auxiliary "helping verb""I'm running"Uncontractable copula"I was good"Uncontractable copula"I was good"Uncontractable auxiliary "She was making a cake"Uncontractable auxiliary "She was making a cake"Irregular 3rd person singular "has, does"Irregular 3rd person singular "has, does" Complex Sentences: consist if an independent clause with a dependent clause embedded withino Ex. “The man who stopped was nice”o Ex. “While he waited at the train station, Joe realized the train was late” Compound Sentences: two basic sentences linked together by a conjunctiono Ex. “Gillian walked and Jackson ran”o Ex. “Grace liked the birds, but they didn’t like her”o FANBOY( for, and, nor, but, or)Lectures 17-18 (October 27th, 29th)School- Age Years and Beyond—Chapter 8- After age 5, sources of language input changeso Language acquisition becomes individualized and reading centeredo Children move through the following sequence also know as Schall’s Stages of Reading Development:1. Initial reading stage (5-7 years): “Decoding Stage”; associate letters with sounds2. Confirmation (7-8 years): “Fluency”; kids sharpen their decoding skills and gain confidencea. Fluency- reading that is efficient, well paced and minimal errors3. Reading to learn (9-14 years): children read to learn new information4. Multiple Viewpoints (14-18 years): students are able to handle difficult concepts and multiple viewpoints5. Construction/ Reconstruction (18+): people can read