ART 155: EXAM 2 TERMS & WORKS OF ART
85 Cards in this Set
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Etruria/Etruscans
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Group of people to the north of Latium highly sophisticated and had much influence on Latium and Rome. Military rival to Rome. Had a system of writing. Not a cohesive society, as many of the cities had wars with themselves
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Sarcophagus from Cerveteri
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-is a married couple, whose ashes are places inside; full-length portraits; both once held objects in their hands, great concentration on upper body (less on legs), bodies make unrealistic L-turn to the legs, broad shoulders, emaciated hands
-ancient tradition of reclining while eating (…
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cremation
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the reduction of a dead human body to inorganic bone fragments by intense heat in a specifically designed retort or chamber.
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Ash Urn
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Hols the ashes of people
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Inhumation
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From the Latin inhumare- “to bury”
To place the remains of the deceased into a grave.
In Rome, there was a significant shift from cremation to inhumation (circa 4th century)
In Rome, the process of burial was intricate for the upper classes, whereas the lower classes tended to en…
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Sarcophagus (pl. Sarcophagi)
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A coffin, usually of stone.
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tumulus (pl. tumuli)
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Burial mound, in Etruscan architecture tumuli cover one or more subterranean multi chambered tombs cut out of the local tufe (limestone).
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Fibula
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Broach
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terracotta
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From the Italian meaning "baked earth", a kind of clay that turns colors ranging from pale tan to dark red when fired. Literally "cooked earth," terracotta is hard–baked clay. It can be used for sculpture or building material and can be painted or glazed or left plain.
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Vitruvius
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Roman architect and writer; De Architectura; included descriptions of theatre staging but noillustrations; 10 book series rediscovered in Renaissance
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acroteria
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decorative ornaments placed at the apex and the corners of a pediment
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Kline
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Couch for sleep, sitting, and dining. Often with decorated head and foot boards and upholstered mattress.
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Human-Headed Cinerary Urn
Terracotta
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Ash Urn
Use horse hair to give hair and beard(originally)
Etruscan
Stylized
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Sarcophagus with reclining couple from cerveteri tomb in Italy. Painted terracotta.
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Artist focus on upper half. Cast in 4 sects contains ashes. Cremation was common way of disposing the dead at this time. Image of man and woman sharing the same banquet couch is uniquely Etruscan.
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Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, Tarquinia,c. 550 BCE
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Etruscan
Similar to Egyptian: hunting in the afterlife
Much more free-flowing, unorganized
Egyptian much more stiff
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Burial Chamber, Tomb of Reliefs Cerveteri
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Burial Chamber, Tomb of Reliefs
Cerveteri
300-200 BCE
200 BCE
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Plan of Etruscan temple
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3 entrances for their chief gods: tinia, uni and menrva.
Statues placed on roof were terra cotta
Uncluttered wood columns
Walls sun dried mud brick
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concrete
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building material invented by Romans and consisting of various proportions of lime mortar, volcanic sand, water, and small stones
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pseudoperipteral
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In Roman architecture a series of engaged columns all around the sides and back of the cella to give the appearance of a peripteral colonnade.
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groin vault
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intersection of 2 barrel vaults above aisles
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Verism (Veristic)
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True to natural appearance, super realistic
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mosaic
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picture made of colorful small inlaid tiles
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tesserae
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Square ("four–sided") pieces of stone or glass of different colors assembled to create a mosaic image.
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atmospheric perspective
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creates the illusion of distance by the greater diminution of color intensity, the shift in color toward an almost neutral blue, and the blurring of contours as the intended distance between eye and object increases
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7. Model of Imperial Fora and Forum Romanum
(3 answers)
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"Forum": a marketplace, commerce associated, socializing civic center
huge centrally located
Forum of Trajan
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Augustus
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* Caesar’s adopted son, Octavian
* first emperor of Rome
* took the title, Augustus (great and holy one)
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Triumph
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Physical thing that happens
Senate will declare it
A culmination of a Roman general's career
Incentives to be militarily successful huge (Rome a country built to fight)
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Augustus of Prima Porta
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Relief sculpture on breastplate = diplomatic victory over Parthians (return of standards)Work of propaganda, hidden just message of greatness, people liked him, prime of life,
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Curiass
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A breast plate that protected the best.
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Personification.
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Giving human attributes and/or feeling to an idea or a thing as if it were a human.
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Flavian Dynasty
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emperors that ruled the Roman Empire between 69-96 AD
included reigns of Vespasian, Flavian, Titus, & Domitian
period after the Julio Claudians
rulers randomly persecuted Christians and Jews
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Triumphal Arch
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In Roman architecture, a freestanding arch commemorating an important event, such as a military victory or the opening of a new road.
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SPQR (Senatus Populesque Romanus)
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In English “The Senate and People of Rome”, it was the government of Ancient Rome. Members served for life and brought together the state’s wealth, influence, political/ military experiences.
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amphitheatre
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large oval, circular, or semi-circular outdoor theatre with rising tiers of seats around an open playing area
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apollodorus of damascus
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Greek
designed the basilica
Architect for the Trajan
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Oculus
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A circular opening or "eye" at the peak of a dome
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apotheosis
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deification; glorification to godliness
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Decursio, pedestal of the column of antoninus pius
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-emphisis on the message of the piece
-roman imperial
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Spolia/Spoliated
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Something that has been reused
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Basilica Nova (of Constantine)
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ca. 306-312 CE, Rome, served as law courts, fenestrated concrete groin vaults, massive statue may have been in apse, sense of grandness and eternity points to C.'s goal to unify an empire falling apart
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Byzantium
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An ancient Greek city on which Constantine founded his new capital,
Constantinople. A term also used for the Eastern Christian Roman Empire.
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Constantinople
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-Founded in 330 when Constantine united the Roman Empire
-395 it was divided into two halves to ease administration
-capital of empire (capital of byzantine empire)
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Maxentius
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-Son of Maximian
-declared Augustus of the Western Empire by the Senate/People/Praetorian Guard
-defeated by Constantine at the Battle of the Milvian Bridge
-leader in Western empire
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The Ruins of Pompeii
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-Pompeii, Italy
-79 CE destroyed by volcano
-buried under volcanic ash=well preserved
-luxury vacation-like destination, where temples and government buildings, and entertainment centers surround main square
-Roman
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79 AD- Vesuvius
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destroyed Herculaneum and Pompeii
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atrium
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central reception room of a Roman house that is partly open to the sky
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Peristyle
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A row of columns forming an enclosure or supporting a roof.
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August Mau
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german art historian, created the Pompeian Styles in chronological order
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Perspective (Linear, Atmospheric)
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Linear- artist use lines to create a distant point of focus.
Atmospheric- created by making the things closer to you darker colors andcrisper lines, things farther away, the lighter colors and fuzzier lines.
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Dionysus
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God of wine and fertility
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Temple of Portunus
Republican
Rome, Italy
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· Portunus, God of Harbors
· Ionic columns, fluted. (Greek Style)
· Pseudoperipteraltemple
· Stone Temple
Rome
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Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia
Republican
Palestrina, Italy
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Exploitation of Concrete
· Sanctuary, Oracles
· Vaults and Barrel Vaults
· Manipulation of body, senses
Rome
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Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace) 13-9 BCE. Marble, Rome
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Early Empire
celebrates the emperors most important achievement, establishment of peace
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Arch of Titus
Rome, Italy
Flavian
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· Single bay Triumphal arch (1 hole), result of a Triumph
· Honors Titus’ death
· Awarded fallowing the Jewish Wars, Jerusalem
· Eagle-symbol of the gods. On upper inside ofarch
High Reliefson sides
o 1 side Shows honors, 4 horse chariot Relief
o Other side…
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Portrait of a Flavian Lady
Flavian
Marble
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· Flavian Hairstyle
· Neck elongated (Ideal)
· Some aspects of realism (nose)
· Women start wearing wigs
Rome
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Column of Antoninus Pius
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mid 2nd c. CE; in Campus Martius; depicts Antoninus and wife being carried to heavens; start seeing decline of realistic sculpting (proportions are off, not deep enough to show 3-D so skew it); second carving of military parade should make some smaller to be in background
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Basilica of Maxentius & Constantine
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Roman Late Empire
Rome, Italy
310-320 CE
last important imperial government building erected in Rome itself
functioned as an administrative center
3 giant brick and concrete burial vaults
central hall was covered with groin vaults, buttressed by barrel vaults
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Arch of Constantine
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To commemorate Constantine's victory over Maxentius. New reliefs were made for the arch to recount the story of Constantine's victory and to symbolize his own power and generosity.
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First Style Wall Painting, Samnite House, Herculaneum, Late Second Century BCE
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First Style Wall Painting, Samnite House, Herculaneum, Late Second Century BCE
Illusion that something is more lavish than is.
Imitates marble stone. Made of plaster
Imitating wealth
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Garden Scene. Wall Painting from the Villa of Livia at Primaporta, near Rome. Fresco. Imperial, Roman
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- Triclinium was underground.
- Painting was to help offset the darkness of the dining area.
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Villa of Agrippa Postumus, Boscotrecase, Cubiculum 15, 3rd Style, ca. 10BCE
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- Decorated walls with delicate linear fantasies sketched predominantly monochromatic backgrounds.
- Playful, mini villa scenes, ornamental canopy.
- 3rd style of wall painting.
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Atrium of the House of the Vettii
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Pompeii, Italy, second century BCE
rebuilt 62 CE
one of best preserved after earthquake
had central atrium with impluvium to collect rainwater
cubicula (bedrooms) opened into atrium
peristyle garden in back
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basilica-plan church
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Rectangular planned church with apse at end, aisles on sides, and nave in the middle. Created like a Roman basilica.
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Central plan church
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a circular structure topped by a dome with an ambulatory around the central space.
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mausoleum
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monumental tomb; large stately tomb; CF. Mausolos\
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baptistery
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in christian architecture,the building used for baptism, usually situated next to the church
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Ambulatory
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the passage (walkway) around the apse in a basilican church or around the central space in a centrally planned building
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Ravenna
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Roman city constructed originally for the westernRoman Empire as a secondary capitol. A repository for beautiful mosaics,preserved by the possession of Byzantium during many years. Contains the mostfamous images of Justinian and Theodora bedecked in their imperial splendor. Acapitol for t…
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Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
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Outside much more plain then inside:
reflects ideal christian=simple in external body & glorious in inner spirit
centrally planned=shape Greek cross
bottom of walls covered in marble, tops/ceilings in mosaics
tesserae made from glass= glimmering affect (reflect light)
Christ as good …
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exedra (exedrae)
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in arch, a semicircular niche. on small scale, used as decoration, whereas larger, form interior spaces such as apses
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Justinian
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emperor of the Byzantine empire who ruled from 527-565 AD, who made this one of the greatest periods in Byzantine history.
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Theodora
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Wife of Justinian, empress of Byzantium. Was an actress and prostitute. Justinian's uncle rewrote the laws so Theodora could marry Justinian.
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Pendentive
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a spherical triangle forming the transition from the circular plan of a dome to the polygonal plan of its supporting structure
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Squinch
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An architectural device used as a transition from a square to a polygonal or circular base for a dome.
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theotokos
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greek "she who bore God" , the virgin mary
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ICON
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image
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Iconoclasm
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The destruction of religious or sacred images. In Byzantium, the period from 726 to 843 when there was an imperial ban on such images. The destroyers of images were known as iconclasts. Those who opposed such a ban were known as iconophiles.
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encaustic
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painting medium using pigments mixed with hot wax
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Triumph / Feast of Orthodoxy (842-3) (DA)
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Restoration of icons after iconoclastic controversy by Theodora (Dec. 8)
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Basilica (Aula Palatina)
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-*Basilica: Tall with short side isles
-no short side isles on this one
-early 4th century CE, Trier, Germany, during time of Constantine
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Interior of Santa Sabina
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-Early Christian
-basilican church: timber roofed, illuminated w/ clerestory windows, Corinthian columns of nave* focused attn. on the apse*, framed the alter
-422-432
-Italy
-Rome
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Interior of Santa Costanza
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-Early Christian
- 337-351
- Rome, Italy
- Maybe built as the mausoleum of Constantine’s daughter
- Severe brick exterior
o Interior once was adorned with mosaics
o Old & New Testament
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Catacomb of Saints Peter and Marcellino
Rome, Italy
Early Christian
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· The ceiling, tied to Roman traditions
· Sheep- Represents Jesus “lord is a Sheppard”
EARLY CHRISTIAN PERIOD
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San Vitale
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-Byzantine
-Ravenna, Italy
-Central and basilica plan
-like pendentive
-Outside looks naturalistic, while outside represents the heavens
-choir brings you closer to the gods
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Hagia sophia
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-Byzantine
-Artist: Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus
-Pendintives are major part of this
Country: Istanbul, Turkey
Dates of period: 6th-5th centuries
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ART 155: EXAM 4