BIO 1050 Study Guide
202 Cards in this Set
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Sex-linked genes
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any gene located on a sex choromosome
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Genotype
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an organism's alleles
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phenotype
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the trait an organism shows
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homozygous dominant
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2 dominant alleles
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heterozygous
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1 dominant, 1 recessive alleles
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Heterozygous
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Two alleles in the gene pair are different.
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homozygous recessive
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2 recessive alleles
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carriers
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1 recessive allele for disease, no symtoms
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crossing over
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exchange of genetic mateiral between homologous chromosome
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nondisjunction
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members of chromosome pair fail to sperate in meiosis
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zygote
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a fertilized egg
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placenta
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an organ formed by mom's body and embryo
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placenta
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develops the uterus
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egg formation
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begins in the female fetus and pauses until puberty
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Codon
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3 RNA base group that codes for a specific amino acid.
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Transcription
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DNA to RNA
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Translation
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RNA to proteins
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Parsimony
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Always trying to fidn the simplest explanation or description of events.
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Convergence
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When things are simlar but DID NOT come from a common ancestor.
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Homozygous
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Two alleles in the gene pair are the same. (RR) (rr)
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Short Tandem Repeats
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DNA scattered throughout the genome that do not code for genes.
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Phytoremediation
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Use of plants to clena up environmental pollution.
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Eutrophication
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Increasing rates of plant growth and ecay due to excessive amount of nutrients.
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Food Chain
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Primary-Secondary-Tertiary-Quaternary.
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Biomagnification
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Concentration of toxins in an organism as a result of ingesting other plants or animals.
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Ecology
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Scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment.
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Abiotic
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Nonliving components. (Rainfall, temp, sunlight)
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abiotic
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nonliving components
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Biotic
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living components (humans, plants, fungi.)
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biotic
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living components
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Habitat
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place where an organism normally lives.
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Maximum sustainable yield
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removing as many individuals as possible from a population without impairing its growth.
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Populations carrying capacity
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population size at which growth is zero.
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Growth rate would reach its carrying capacity because:
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-Food supply
-Habitat for living and breathing
-parasite and disease risk
-predation risk"
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Restriction Enzymes
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naturally occuring enzymes are used to cut DNA
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Electrophoresis
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DNA fragments that are sorted by size
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Decomposers
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bacteria eat these dead organisms and teh more dead organisms there are, the greater the bacteria growth.
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Nitrogen & Phosphorus
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Nutrients that are beneficial to plants but can also act as an pollutant.
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Introduced Species
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may not have predators in its new home that can eat it, whic may allow it to grow out of control.
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Biology
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Scientific study of life
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Life
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Characteristics of living things
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Science
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A way of knowing
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Hypothesis
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statement; must be testable and falsifiable.
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What do you do once you have a hypothesis?
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Devise a testable prediction
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Theories
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Broad ideas supported by alot of evidence
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Dependent Variable
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The response variable you are measuring
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Independent Variable
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the predictor variable that is resposible for the variation
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Sample Size
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Number of subjects in experimental groups and in control groups.
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Sample size
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The number of subjects in the control group OR the number of subjects in the experimental group
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Cell Theory
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all living things are composed of cells and arise from previously existing cells
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Prokaryotic Cells
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in bacteria and archaea, smaller, and has no nucleus.
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Eukaryotic Cells
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in all other organisms, larger, more complex, has a nucleus.
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Producers
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make food using light energy from the sun in photosynthesis
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Consumers
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eat other organisms for food.
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Equation for photosynthesis
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sunlight, water, carbon dioxide - oxygen and sugar.
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Equation for Cellular respiration
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oxygen, sugar - carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
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Importance of ATP
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stores energy that can be used for cellular work
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Recommended Calorie intake for inactive women and elderly
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1600
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calorie intake for active women and inactive men
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2200
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calorie intake for active men
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2800
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BMI
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body mass index
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Carbohydrates
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main energy souce made up of simple sugars.
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where are carbohydrates found
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fruits, vegetables, and grains.
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Carbohydrates
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our main energy source
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Saturated fat
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has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons.
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what shape tail does saturated fat have
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straight
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what shape tail does unsaturated fat have
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kinky
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Unsaturated fat
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has at least one carbon to carbon double bond
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Cholesterol
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the base steroid from which our bodies produce other steroids.
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Functions of Proteins
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1. main structural component of life
2. assist in chemical reactions
3. made up of amino acids "
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Do energy drinks provide energy?
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no.
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DNA
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double helix made up of two strands of sugars, phosphates, and a nitrogen containing base
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DNA
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A type of molecule that provides directions for building proteins
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What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
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1. sugar
2. phosphate
3. nitrogen-containing base
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Mutation
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Any change in the order of bases on a strand of DNA.
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Causes of mutation
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1. harmful conditions
2. certain viruses
3. errors while copying DNA
4. inheritance (only in sex cells)
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Embryonic stem cells
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from IVF, umbilical chords, cloning
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Adult stem cells
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fewer/ no ethical problems, mainly found in bone marrow.
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Adult stem cells
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fewer/ no ethical problems, mainly found in bone marrow.
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Genome
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a complete set of an organisms DNA
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Genetic engineering
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manipulation of organisms genes
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GMO
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organism that carries recombinant DNA
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Haploid cell
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a cell that has only one of each chromosome
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diploid cell
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cell that has a set of homologous chromosomes
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homologous chromosomes
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two chromosomes that make up a matching pair
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autosomes
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chromosomes that carry all traits not related to gender
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Benign Tumor
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an abnormal mass of cells that stays in place
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malignant tumors
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lumps of cancerous cells
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cancer treatments
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1. surgery
2. radiation therapy
3. chemotherapy
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Mistakes in meiosis
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lead to disorders like down syndrome
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Process of evolution
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a change over many generations in teh relative frequency of alleles that occur in a population
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theory of evolution
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all species are decendents of a single common ancestor
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charles darwin
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provided evidence for evolution
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natural selection
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leads to improvements over time with an increase in favorable traits
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founder effect
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when some individuals leave their main population and form a new small colony elsewhere.
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bottleneck effect
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when a population has had a drastic reduction in size
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gene flow
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when individuals mate with members of a different population
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species
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populations of organisms that are able to interbreed with eachother, but not able to with individuals of other species
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what influences where organisms live?
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abiotic factors
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population carrying capactiy
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population size at which growth is zero
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community
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group of species living close enough together for potential interactions
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niche
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ways an organism uses the environment
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behavioral defenses
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1. hiding or escaping
2. fighting back
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parasitism
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a relationship in which one organism benefits teh other is harmed
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mutualism
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an interaction between two speceis that benefits both partners
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keystone species
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a species whose presence greatly influences which other species are present
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biodiversity
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the variety of life on earth
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causes of biodiversity
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habitat destruction, introduced species, overexpolitation, effects of pollution
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factors that influence biodiversity
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solar energy available, evolutionary history available
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mass extinctions
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large number of species become extinct over a short period of time due to extraordinary and sudden environmental change
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What are the first 3 steps in the process of science?
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Observation,
question,
hypothesis
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Describe scientific hypotheses.
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It must be testable, falsifiable, and a statement (not a question).
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What do you do once you have a prediction?
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Conduct a critical experiment
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2 main scientific approaches to testing predictions:
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Descriptive, & Experimental
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What is the descriptive approach?
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inductive reasoning
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What is the Experimental approach?
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deductive reasoning
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What is inductive reasoning?
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Specific to general
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What is deductive reasoning?
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General to specific
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What happens after you test your prediction?
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Draw conclusions and make revisions
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Can you ever prove a hypothesis to be correct?
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No
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What factors must be present for science to study a phenomenon?
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Ability to be observed, repeatability
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basal metabolic rate
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the amount of energy you expend in a day
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Do genetics influence metabolic rate?
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Yes
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What BMI suggests a person is underweight?
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below 18.5
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What BMI suggests a person is at a healthy weight?
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18.5 to 25
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What BMI suggests a person is overweight?
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Above 25
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What BMI suggests a person is obese?
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above 30
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What is diabetes?
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the body cannot produce enough or any insulin
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Type II diabetes
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insulin resistance
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What does the plasma membrane do?
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The plasma membrane contains molecules for:
- binding to chemicals outside the cell
- giving each cell a fingerprint
- helping substances pass into/out of cell
- speeding up chemical reactions
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Nucleus
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Contains DNA, a type of molecule that provides directions for building proteins built by ribosomes
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Ribosomes
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Where proteins are built in the cytoplasm, do most of the work in the cell
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Organelles
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Each has a specific function, most are enclosed by membranes, most are found in plant and animal cells
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Only found in plant cells:
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chloroplasts, cell wall (can be found in bacteria), and vacuoles (occasionally found in animal cells)
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_____ make food using light energy from the sun in photosynthesis.
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Producers
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_____ eat other organisms for food.
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Consumers
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Chloroplasts
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Only found in plant cells, the organelles that perform photosynthesis
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Input during photosynthesis:
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Sunlight + water + CO2
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Output during photosynthesis:
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Oxygen + sugar
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Stomata
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CO2 enters leaves through stomata; tiny pores usually on lower surface of leaves
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True or false: the only producers are plants.
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FALSE
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When plants grow, where does the new tissue come from?
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Air
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Mitochondria
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Where food is converted to cellular energy
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Cellular respiration input:
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oxygen + sugar
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Cellular respiration output:
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CO2 + H20 + energy (ATP)
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Aerobic processes require...
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oxygen
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True or false: creation of ATP is critical for survival.
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TRUE
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Are organisms that do not undergo photosynthesis influenced by it?
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Yes
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ATP is an abbreviation for...
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Adenosine Tri-Phosphate
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What characteristics do all lipids share?
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They are hydrophobic
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Hydrophobic
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fear of water, don’t mix with water
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Examples of lipids
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fats, sterols, phospholipids, & wax
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Functions of fat
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long-term energy storage, cushions vital organs, insulates the skin
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Indigestible Carbohydrates
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Cellulose and chitin (2 polysaccharides)
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Monosaccharides
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simple sugars
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Polysaccharides
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complex carbohydrates
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hydrophilic
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“water loving”. They adhere quickly to water.
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Which Polysaccharides are healthiest to eat?
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fruits, vegetables, whole grains
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3 main categories of polysaccharides
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starch, glycogen, and cellulose
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Starch (definition and examples)
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potatoes, rice, corn, how plants store excess energy
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glycogen
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how animals store excess energy
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cellulose
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main component of the cell wall
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Why do we eat fiber?
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Cannot be digested or absorbed but good for digestive tract
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How do animals break down food?
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They have microorganisms in their stomach that break down the food for them.
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True or false: trans fats are natural
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FALSE
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Is trans fat healthy?
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no
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Why does the food industry see hydrogenation as an advantage?
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It makes the food solid at room temperature
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How are trans fats created?
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Through hydrogenation
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Sterols
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regulate growth and development
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Examples of sterols
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testosterone and estrogen
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Anabolic steroids & their effects
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Synthetic form of testosterone; mimics some of testosterone’s effects, can cause serious physical and mental problems
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Enzymes
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proteins that assist in chemical reactions
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What are some of the functions proteins perform?
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Main structural component of life, protective, regulatory, contractile, transport
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What are proteins made of?
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A bunch of smaller units called amino acids
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How many kinds of common amino acids are there?
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20 common kinds of amino acids
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What determines the shape of a protein?
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Each unique sequence of amino acids leads to a different shape protein
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What happens if excessive amounts of cholesterol accumulate in our blood?
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they can bind together and block arteries
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Essential amino acids
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those that must be acquired through diet
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If something is "cholesterol free", does that mean eating it will not raise your cholesterol?
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No, if you eat fatty foods that have components of cholesterol, your body can synthesize cholesterol itself.
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What is caffeine?
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A stimulant that increased heart rate and blood pressure
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True or false: people may become less sensitive to the effects of caffeine over time
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TRUE
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true or false: stimulant effect is not the same for every person
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TRUE
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biotechnology
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Organisms, cells, and their molecules can be modified to achieve practical benefits
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What is one emphasis of modern biotechnology?
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Genetic engineering
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What is genetic engineering and what can you do with it?
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Manipulation of organisms’ genes.
Can add, delete, or move genes from one species to another.
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Another tool is to amplify the DNA. Describe what happens during the amplify step. Make sure to name the technique that is used.
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Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique that copies DNA. Use to get lots of copies of DNA from even tiny samples.
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Describe what happens during the insertion tool of the methods used in modern biotechnology.
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"Insert DNA of interest into DNA of bacteria or virus.
- Both easily incorporate foreign DNA and can act as vector to pass DNA to other species."
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How do we use the bacteria or viruses with foreign DNA?
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Can produce lots of bacteria/viruses that will transcribe & translate foreign gene to make protein of interest.
OR
Use bacterial plasmid or virus to insert DNA of interest into another species.
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What is a genetically modified organism?
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An organism that carries recombinant DNA
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What is another name for a genetically modified organism?
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Transgenic organism
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What is the abbreviation for genetically modified organism?
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GM
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What are two ways in which biotechnology is used to improve human health?
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To produce better medicines or to cure diseases (called gene therapy)
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Describe an example of how we have used biotechnology to develop better treatments for diabetes.
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- previously injected insulin from cattle or pigs
- now made by GM bacteria
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What is used to make vaccines?
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DNA technology
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What is a vaccine and how does it work?
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A harmless form of bacteria or virus.
Body makes specific defense that can fight off future harmful forms.
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Describe human gene therapy.
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Seeks to cure disease by inserting a functional gene into an individual’s cells that have a defective version.
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Describe severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID).
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- caused by defective genes in immune cells in bloodstream
- patients must avoid infection
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Describe the difficulties associated with the use of gene therapy.
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- Getting the functional gene into the cells where it is needed.
- Getting the functional gene into enough cells.
- Viruses/bacteria infecting unintended cells.
- Can still pass disease to offspring.
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How is gene therapy used to cure SCID?
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1. Remove immune system cells from patient
2. Infect the cells w/ a virus carrying the normal allele
3. Return cells carrying the normal allele
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What is the advantage of genetically modified agricultural crops?
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It can increase:
- shelf life
- yield (the amt. you produce)
- nutritional value
Also may reduce need for pesticides
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What proportion of crops in the U.S. are genetically modified?
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Corn: 86%
Cotton: 93%
Soybeans: 93%
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Are genetically modified crops controversial?
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Yes
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