BIOL 1050: Final Exam
59 Cards in this Set
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ecology
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the scientific study of organisms and how they interact with their environment
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environmentalism
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a broad philosophy, ideology and social movement regarding concerns forenvironmental protection and improvement of the health of theenvironment
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abiotic component
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non-living factors in an environment
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biotic component
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living factors in an environment
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what influences where organisms live?
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soil, water, temperature, humidity
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causes decrease in population size
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death and emigration
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causes increase in population size
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births and immigration
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exponential growth model
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J shaped; each individual has more than the one necessary child
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e
logistic growth model
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plateau, S shaped growth curve
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carrying capacity
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the largest a population can get in its current environment
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density dependent factors
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food supply, habitat for living and breathing, disease risk, predation risk
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maximum sustainable yield
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removing as many individuals as possible from a population without impairing its growth
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human population growth
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add 80 mil. every year
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rectangular population growth pyramid
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rectangular population growth pyramid
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pyramid population
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upside down pyramid population
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upside down pyramid population
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more old than young; shrinking population
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demographic transition process
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slow- high birth/death, especially in poor countries
fast- high birth low death, with industrialization, food and health care
slow- low birth/death, jobs + food and health care
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earth's carrying capacity
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unknown, 11 billion?
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Quality of life -> population growth
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the more people, the harder it is to maintain
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what can be done to decrease earth's population?
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educate women
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community
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a group of interdependent organisms of different species living together in a specified habitat
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fundamental niche
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ideal habitat for a species
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realized niche
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the actual environment influenced by surrounding factors
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competitive exclusion
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when one species blocks another out from a resource
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resource partitioning
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both species modify use of resources to allow all to coexist
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character displacement
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Each species will develop greater differences in their adaptations than their respective species do in areas where they do not compete.
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keystone species
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disproportionate effect on many other organisms in an ecosystem
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succession
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change in species composition over time after disturbance
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primary succession
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begins after a disturbance leaves the land barren and lifeless
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secondary succession
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occurs when a disturbance has destroyed the existing community but left the soil intact
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possible causes of frog deformities
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1. Increased UV-B radiation
2. Chemical Pollution
3. Trematodes
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ecosystem
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community of organisms and their non-living environment
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Energy Flow/ Flow of Energy
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movement of energy through ecosystems,
primary producers
primary consumers
secondary consumers
tertiary consumers
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nutrient cycling
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helps cycle nutrient minerals from the soil to organisms and back to soil
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source of ecosystems' energy
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the sun
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food chains
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linear flows of energy through an ecosystem
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inefficient energy transfer in food chains
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inefficient energy transfer in food chains
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limits of food chain length
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-Energetic hypothesis-suggests that length is limited by inefficient energy transfer
- Dynamic Stability hypothesis- proposes that long food chains are less stable than short ones
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energy and human nutrition
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if we eat veggies, we are primary consumers. meat- secondary consumers, and veggies have more energy fuel
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processes that move nutrients around ecosystems
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carbon and nitrogen cycles
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carbon cycle
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Carbon in the form of CO2 is incorporated into carbohydrates in plant tissues through photosynthesis
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eutrophication
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the increase of nutrients in an ecosystem, i.e. algae in a lake
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biodiversity
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# of ecosystems, species, and alleles in a species
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why care about biodiversity loss?
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moral/ethical
aesthetic
ecosystem function
economic
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geographical patterns of biodiversity
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-diversity increases as you move toward the equator.
-however there are 25 hotspots that comprise 1.4% of world land surface and contain 44% of plant species.
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factors that influence biodiversity
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solar energy available
evolutionary history of an area - more time without major change
rate of disturbance- medium rate of disturbance is best
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background extinction rate versus mass extinctions
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background extinction rates: gradual loss of species as populations shrink and face new challenges
mass extinction: great number of species disappear over relatively short time
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current extinction rate
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1000x greater than that of background rates
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factors that influence extinction risk
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- Geographic range (extinct v restricted)
- local population size(large v small)
- habitat tolerance (broad v narrow)
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4 main causes of biodiversity loss
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habitat destruction/degradation, introduction of invasive species, overexploitation, pollution,
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acid rain
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form of pollution that occurs when gases are released and mix with water in the air to form rain or snow that is strongly carbonic acid
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ozone hole
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thin area in the ozone layer created by CFC's caused by human production
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protecting biodiversity, corridors
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hunting and fishing laws/licensing
marine mammal protection act (1972)
the endangered species act (1973)-- habitat protection, recovery plans, MVPs
reintroductions
private land and critical habitat
international wildlife treaties --CITES
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ecological footprint
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area of land and water required to support a defined human population at a given standard of living.
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greenhouse effect
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The ____________ effect results from the fact that carbondioxide absorbs infrared radiation and retains heat in the atmosphere
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Global warming
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A gradual increase in thetemperature of the Earth's atmosphere
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Global causes of global warming
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- industry (19.4%)
- energy supply (25.9%)
- forestry (17.4%)
- transportation (13.1%)
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global effects of global warming
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heat waves, droughts, prolonged rains, flooding, worst storms.
shift areas where crops can be grown - less productivity, and infertile soil (solution: drought resistant GMOs)
decrease in tropical and subtropical areas
increase of insects, fungi, microbes
mountain pine beetles
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what do data from the ice cores show about historic carbon dioxide levels?
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more co2 in atmosphere now than at any time in past 400 000 years
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BIO 1050 Study Guide